{ "meta": { "title": "Fusion Atlas", "public_title": "The paths to fusion power", "schema_version": "1.0.0", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "purpose": "Research and implementation handoff; no live site is included.", "source_policy": "Primary publications, institutions, companies, government announcements and identified industry survey responses. Company statements stay attributed.", "evidence_policy": "Separate measured results, models, engineering progress, organizational events and targets; review is not independent verification.", "currency_policy": "Native amounts; source-provided USD equivalents only. No reconstructed current cash balances.", "location_policy": "Approximate map points and explicit roles; no parcel-level assertions.", "maintenance": "Snapshot is static until a human-reviewed source refresh.", "counts": { "approaches": 15, "entities": 42, "sites": 83, "claims": 119, "funding_events": 71, "timeline": 27, "records": 13, "risk_dimensions": 13, "risk_assessments": 71, "glossary": 24, "sector_context": 2, "metrics": 7, "evidence_categories": 7, "risk_themes": 6, "evidence_states": 6, "quality_notes": 9, "sources": 167 } }, "approaches": [ { "id": "tokamak", "name": "Tokamak", "family": "magnetic", "mechanism": "A toroidal plasma is confined by fields from external coils and a large current in the plasma.", "diagram_steps": [ "Draw a torus with an empty central hole and surrounding toroidal coils.", "Add a plasma-current arrow around the torus.", "Show helical field lines from combined toroidal and poloidal components.", "Cut away the outer wall to show blanket, coolant and heat exhaust." ], "proposed_advantage": "Largest body of relevant high-performance magnetic-plasma experiments.", "key_open_challenge": "Disruptions, current drive, heat exhaust, fuel cycle and neutron-resistant components.", "diagram_guardrail": "The central solenoid induces plasma current; it does not directly create all confining poloidal field by itself. Stronger field is not a free improvement; magnet stress, shielding and space matter.", "examples": [ "ITER", "JET", "CFS" ], "source_ids": [ "PHY_004", "PHY_020", "PHY_023" ], "interpretation_label": "Mechanism facts plus explicitly interpretive engineering tradeoffs" }, { "id": "spherical_tokamak", "name": "Spherical tokamak", "family": "magnetic", "mechanism": "A tokamak with a comparatively small central hole and rounded, elongated plasma cross-section.", "diagram_steps": [ "Start from the tokamak diagram.", "Shrink the central hole while keeping a center column.", "Show a vertical cross-section with a compact center stack.", "Highlight the limited room for shielding and blanket at the center." ], "proposed_advantage": "Potentially compact high-pressure plasma operation.", "key_open_challenge": "Center-column protection, maintainability and power-exhaust integration.", "diagram_guardrail": "Not a solid sphere of plasma; a center column remains. Compact size alone does not establish low plant cost.", "examples": [ "Tokamak Energy", "STEP", "NSTX-U" ], "source_ids": [ "PHY_004", "PHY_042" ], "interpretation_label": "Mechanism facts plus explicitly interpretive engineering tradeoffs" }, { "id": "stellarator", "name": "Stellarator", "family": "magnetic", "mechanism": "External magnets create a three-dimensional twisted confining field without requiring a large transformer-driven plasma current.", "diagram_steps": [ "Draw a toroidal plasma with a gently changing three-dimensional cross-section.", "Reveal nonplanar or alternative optimized external magnets.", "Trace a field line around the torus.", "Keep coolant and blanket outside the plasma." ], "proposed_advantage": "Natural route to continuous operation and reduced large-current disruption burden.", "key_open_challenge": "Precision manufacture, field errors, particle confinement, blanket access and remote maintenance.", "diagram_guardrail": "Do not draw plasma as following a single literal twisted pipe or imply zero plasma current, zero instability, or solved steady-state power generation.", "examples": [ "Wendelstein 7-X", "Proxima", "Type One", "Thea", "Renaissance" ], "source_ids": [ "PHY_005", "PHY_015" ], "interpretation_label": "Mechanism facts plus explicitly interpretive engineering tradeoffs" }, { "id": "magnetic_mirror", "name": "Magnetic mirror", "family": "magnetic", "mechanism": "A linear magnetic field strengthens near both ends, reflecting many charged particles while some escape through the ends.", "diagram_steps": [ "Draw a linear plasma chamber.", "Place stronger magnetic throats at both ends.", "Animate some particle paths reflecting and some escaping.", "Show heating beams and end exhaust collection." ], "proposed_advantage": "Relatively direct geometry and potentially simpler component access.", "key_open_challenge": "Axial particle losses and sustaining efficient high-performance confinement.", "diagram_guardrail": "Magnetic mirrors are not solid plugs and do not reflect every particle. Do not confuse 17 T magnet field with confinement or electrical gain.", "examples": [ "WHAM", "Realta" ], "source_ids": [ "PHY_035", "PHY_003" ], "interpretation_label": "Mechanism facts plus explicitly interpretive engineering tradeoffs" }, { "id": "beam_frc", "name": "Beam sustained field reversed configuration", "family": "magnetic", "mechanism": "A compact plasma configuration has closed field regions formed by plasma currents; neutral beams can create, heat and sustain it.", "diagram_steps": [ "Draw an elongated central chamber without a material center post.", "Show plasma-current loops and reversed field direction in the core.", "Add neutral beams entering the plasma.", "Distinguish current experiment fuel from eventual advanced fuel." ], "proposed_advantage": "High plasma pressure relative to magnetic pressure and a linear external layout.", "key_open_challenge": "Confinement and beam efficiency at reactor conditions, plus advanced-fuel radiation and temperature requirements.", "diagram_guardrail": "Use updated Norm beam-formation architecture rather than depicting all TAE machines as Helion-style colliding plasmoids. A field-reversed plasma is not a permanent-magnet ring.", "examples": [ "TAE" ], "source_ids": [ "PHY_036", "PHY_002" ], "interpretation_label": "Mechanism facts plus explicitly interpretive engineering tradeoffs" }, { "id": "pulsed_frc", "name": "Pulsed compressed field reversed configuration", "family": "magneto_inertial", "mechanism": "Compact FRC plasmas are formed, accelerated and compressed in a pulsed magnetic system; an expanding plasma can return energy electromagnetically.", "diagram_steps": [ "Form two plasmoids at opposite ends.", "Move them into the central region.", "Compress the merged plasma with a stronger field.", "Show expansion inducing current in coils and a separate input-energy loop." ], "proposed_advantage": "Possible direct electrical conversion and recovery of some pulse energy.", "key_open_challenge": "Fusion energy output, recovery efficiency, advanced-fuel supply and repeated integrated net electrical output.", "diagram_guardrail": "Returned pulse energy includes previously supplied energy; do not label all returned current as new fusion electricity. D-He3 is the intended fuel, not proof every experiment used it.", "examples": [ "Helion" ], "source_ids": [ "PHY_037", "PHY_007" ], "interpretation_label": "Mechanism facts plus explicitly interpretive engineering tradeoffs" }, { "id": "z_pinch", "name": "Sheared flow stabilized Z-pinch", "family": "magnetic_pulsed", "mechanism": "Current through a plasma column creates a magnetic field that pinches it inward; flow varying across the column is used to suppress instability.", "diagram_steps": [ "Draw a narrow axial plasma column.", "Send current along the column.", "Show circular magnetic-field arrows and inward force.", "Animate axial layers with different velocities." ], "proposed_advantage": "Avoids large external confinement magnets and a high-energy laser driver.", "key_open_challenge": "Stability and gain at high current, electrode life, liquid-metal engineering and rapid repetition.", "diagram_guardrail": "No external magnet does not mean no magnetic field. Do not treat a repetitive engineering platform power rating as fusion output.", "examples": [ "Zap Energy" ], "source_ids": [ "PHY_038" ], "interpretation_label": "Mechanism facts plus explicitly interpretive engineering tradeoffs" }, { "id": "magnetized_target", "name": "Mechanically compressed magnetized target", "family": "magneto_inertial", "mechanism": "A preformed magnetized plasma is compressed rapidly by a surrounding mechanical or liquid-metal system.", "diagram_steps": [ "Create a magnetized plasma target.", "Show surrounding liner or liquid wall.", "Compress inward and raise density and temperature.", "Show intended heat capture and reset between pulses." ], "proposed_advantage": "Liquid walls could combine shielding, heat collection and fuel breeding.", "key_open_challenge": "Compression symmetry, plasma-wall mixing, integrated gain and durable repeatable operation.", "diagram_guardrail": "Distinguish solid-lithium experimental liners from proposed renewable liquid-metal plant walls; commercial liquid-wall benefits are design aims.", "examples": [ "General Fusion" ], "source_ids": [ "PHY_039" ], "interpretation_label": "Mechanism facts plus explicitly interpretive engineering tradeoffs" }, { "id": "laser_indirect", "name": "Laser inertial fusion with indirect drive", "family": "inertial", "mechanism": "Laser beams heat a hohlraum; the resulting X-rays ablate a fuel capsule and drive an inward implosion.", "diagram_steps": [ "Show laser beams entering openings in a hohlraum.", "Turn inner wall energy into X-rays.", "Show capsule surface blowing outward.", "Show the recoil compressing fuel inward, then brief fusion burn." ], "proposed_advantage": "Physical ignition and target gain above one have been experimentally demonstrated at NIF.", "key_open_challenge": "Efficient high-repetition lasers, much larger useful gain, mass-produced targets and chamber recovery.", "diagram_guardrail": "Lasers do not directly squeeze the capsule; outward ablation drives implosion. NIF evidence applies to the physics family, not automatically to a startup plant.", "examples": [ "NIF", "Inertia" ], "source_ids": [ "PHY_009", "PHY_010" ], "interpretation_label": "Mechanism facts plus explicitly interpretive engineering tradeoffs" }, { "id": "laser_direct", "name": "Laser inertial fusion with direct drive", "family": "inertial", "mechanism": "Laser beams illuminate the capsule directly; ablation accelerates the remaining fuel inward.", "diagram_steps": [ "Draw a spherical capsule with lasers aimed at its exterior.", "Show an outward ablation layer and inward compression.", "Show the short hot spot and burn.", "Add an optional separate fast-ignition beam only for designs that use one." ], "proposed_advantage": "Potentially better coupling of laser energy to the capsule.", "key_open_challenge": "Illumination uniformity, laser-plasma interactions, high gain and repetitive plant hardware.", "diagram_guardrail": "Direct drive is not direct electricity conversion. Fast ignition and shock ignition are subtypes, not properties of every direct-drive design.", "examples": [ "OMEGA", "Focused Energy", "Marvel Fusion" ], "source_ids": [ "PHY_034" ], "interpretation_label": "Mechanism facts plus explicitly interpretive engineering tradeoffs" }, { "id": "pulsed_power_inertial", "name": "Pulsed power liner inertial fusion", "family": "magneto_inertial", "mechanism": "A very large electrical pulse creates a magnetic force that implodes a liner or target; some versions add fuel magnetization and laser preheat.", "diagram_steps": [ "Charge a pulsed-power bank.", "Drive current into a liner.", "Show inward electromagnetic force compressing the fuel.", "Show separate axial pre-magnetization and laser preheat only for MagLIF." ], "proposed_advantage": "Efficient electrical pulse delivery may reduce the laser-driver burden.", "key_open_challenge": "High-gain target design, consumable transmission components, chamber clearing and repetition.", "diagram_guardrail": "Sandia MagLIF and Pacific Fusion have different implementations; do not copy all MagLIF hardware into every pulsed-power diagram.", "examples": [ "Sandia Z/MagLIF", "Pacific Fusion" ], "source_ids": [ "PHY_033" ], "interpretation_label": "Mechanism facts plus explicitly interpretive engineering tradeoffs" }, { "id": "levitated_dipole", "name": "Levitated dipole", "family": "magnetic", "mechanism": "Plasma surrounds the dipole field of a levitated superconducting ring inside the chamber.", "diagram_steps": [ "Draw an internal superconducting ring inside a vacuum vessel.", "Show dipole field lines around the ring.", "Place the plasma around those field lines.", "Show the ring cooling and shielding problem separately from plasma heating." ], "proposed_advantage": "A distinct confinement geometry with simple-looking axisymmetric topology.", "key_open_challenge": "Reactor-relevant confinement and protection, cooling and maintenance of an internal magnet.", "diagram_guardrail": "The ring is inside the chamber; do not draw an external-coil tokamak or treat prototype operation as D-T gain.", "examples": [ "OpenStar" ], "source_ids": [ "PAR_OPENSTAR_PPPL", "PAR_OPENSTAR_TECH" ] }, { "id": "electrostatic", "name": "Magneto-electrostatic confinement", "family": "electrostatic_magnetic", "mechanism": "An electric field confines energetic ions while a magnetic field helps confine electrons.", "diagram_steps": [ "Draw a central electrode and the surrounding vessel.", "Show ion orbits separately from electron confinement.", "Add electric and magnetic field legends.", "Show power supplied to the high-voltage system." ], "proposed_advantage": "Compact architecture and potential applications at small scales.", "key_open_challenge": "Losses, space charge, energy distribution, high voltage and a complete reactor energy balance.", "diagram_guardrail": "High voltage is an input or operating condition, not fusion output.", "examples": [ "Avalanche Energy" ], "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_TECH", "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND" ] }, { "id": "hybrid_direct_drive", "name": "Hybrid direct-drive laser fusion", "family": "inertial", "mechanism": "An initial laser pulse produces X-rays in a hohlraum; subsequent laser pulses directly drive the capsule.", "diagram_steps": [ "Show two-sided laser access to a target assembly.", "Use the initial pulse to heat the hohlraum and X-ray-ablate the capsule.", "Show later pulses driving the capsule directly.", "Show compression and proposed burn, followed by target replacement and chamber recovery." ], "proposed_advantage": "Combining indirect and direct stages seeks efficient coupling and controlled compression.", "key_open_challenge": "Target design validation, efficient high-energy drivers, repetition, target cost and chamber lifetime must work together.", "diagram_guardrail": "This target design is not a fast-ignition sequence and not ordinary NIF indirect drive; modeled target performance is not a measured company gain.", "examples": [ "Xcimer" ], "source_ids": [ "PAR_XCIMER_HDD", "ALT_XCIMER_ROADMAP" ] }, { "id": "hybrid_fast_ignition", "name": "Two-stage hybrid fast ignition", "family": "inertial", "mechanism": "A designed fuel package separates compression from a later rapid ignition step.", "diagram_steps": [ "Draw a fuel-system module.", "Show the compression driver.", "Add a distinct ignition trigger.", "Show proposed heat capture and reset, with partner systems labeled." ], "proposed_advantage": "Separating compression and ignition can change the requirements placed on each stage.", "key_open_challenge": "Integrated compression, ignition coupling, high gain, driver interfaces and repetition.", "diagram_guardrail": "First Light FLARE is not its older projectile-only roadmap; modeled gain is not a measured shot.", "examples": [ "First Light Fusion" ], "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH", "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TEST" ] } ], "entities": [ { "id": "cfs", "name": "Commonwealth Fusion Systems", "entity_type": "reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "tokamak", "approach_variant": "high_field_tokamak", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Compact high-field tokamak developer building SPARC before the first ARC electricity plant.", "mechanism": [ "HTS magnets confine a toroidal plasma with plasma current. ARC would capture D-T neutron energy as heat and use a turbine cycle." ], "operating_fuel": "SPARC is under construction; no current burning-fuel operation established.", "intended_fuel": "D-T", "site_ids": [ "cfs_office", "cfs_sparc", "cfs_arc" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "cfs_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "cfs_target_01", "cfs_target_02" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "cfs_risk_01", "cfs_risk_02" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "$4.0B capital raised, July 2026", "latest_cumulative_event_id": "cfs_2026_total", "latest_round_event_id": "cfs_2026_round", "caveat": "Financing is not evidence of electricity production; exclude PPAs from capital totals." }, "source_ids": [ "MAG_CFS_FUND_2026", "MAG_CFS_SPARC", "MAG_CFS_ARC", "MAG_CFS_MAGNET" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "This is a reviewed-public-evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished experiments.", "research_notes": {}, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "helion", "name": "Helion", "entity_type": "reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "pulsed_frc", "approach_variant": "pulsed_frc", "family": "magneto_inertial", "summary": "Pulsed FRC developer pursuing direct inductive electricity recovery and an early Microsoft power project.", "mechanism": [ "Two magnetized plasmas merge and are compressed. Their subsequent expansion can induce current in surrounding coils and return energy to capacitors." ], "operating_fuel": "Polaris lists D-D, D-T and D-He3; January 2026 reported result specifically used D-T.", "intended_fuel": "D-He3; deuterium reactions and helium-3 production remain part of the proposed fuel cycle.", "site_ids": [ "helion_office", "helion_polaris", "helion_orion" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "helion_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "helion_target_01", "helion_target_02" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "helion_risk_01", "helion_risk_02", "helion_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "Series G finalized at $500M in September 2026; $1.5B cumulative reported June", "latest_cumulative_event_id": "helion_total_june", "latest_round_event_id": "helion_g_final", "caveat": "Do not add initial $465M to final $500M. October CHIPS LOI up to $175M and planned $50M private spending are conditional, not closed equity." }, "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELION_FUND", "PHY_037", "MAG_HELION_POLARIS", "MAG_HELION_ORION", "MAG_HELION_POLARIS_RESULTS", "MAG_HELION_CHIPS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "This is a reviewed-public-evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished experiments.", "research_notes": {}, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-He3" ] }, { "id": "tae", "name": "TAE Technologies", "entity_type": "reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "beam_frc", "approach_variant": "beam_driven_frc", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Neutral-beam FRC developer whose preferred commercial fuel is hydrogen-boron; its shortened roadmap proceeds directly toward Da Vinci.", "mechanism": [ "Energetic neutral beams create and sustain a field-reversed plasma. The preferred p-B11 power concept would collect radiation and particle energy as heat for electricity." ], "operating_fuel": "Experimental light-ion plasmas; no commercial p-B11 burning plasma established in the reviewed evidence. Exact current mixture not independently verified here.", "intended_fuel": "Preferred p-B11; D-He3 is an additional prospective option, not a verified replacement baseline.", "site_ids": [ "tae_office", "tae_norm", "tae_davinci" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "tae_evidence_01", "tae_evidence_02" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "tae_target_01" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "tae_risk_01", "tae_risk_02", "tae_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": ">$1.3B equity reported June 2025; $200M convertible-note proceeds confirmed March 2026", "latest_cumulative_event_id": "tae_2025_equity_total", "latest_round_event_id": "tae_2025_round", "caveat": "Do not count merger valuation as cash, the extra $100M as drawn, or automatically add debt to equity." }, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_FUND", "MAG_TAE_ROADMAP", "MAG_TAE_NATURE", "MAG_TAE_FUEL", "MAG_TAE_HE3", "MAG_TAE_DEBT", "MAG_TAE_MERGER" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "This is a reviewed-public-evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished experiments.", "research_notes": {}, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "p-B11" ] }, { "id": "tokamak_energy", "name": "Tokamak Energy", "entity_type": "reactor_developer_and_magnet_supplier", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "spherical_tokamak", "approach_variant": "spherical_tokamak", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Spherical-tokamak developer with a separate commercial HTS magnet business, TE Magnetics.", "mechanism": [ "A compact, low-aspect-ratio tokamak confines plasma using external fields and plasma current; HTS technology is being developed for later systems." ], "operating_fuel": "ST40 experimental hydrogen-isotope plasma; exact current campaign mixture not established in the reviewed sources.", "intended_fuel": "D-T", "site_ids": [ "tokamak_energy_office", "te_st40" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "tokamak_energy_evidence_01", "tokamak_energy_evidence_02" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "tokamak_energy_target_01" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "tokamak_energy_risk_01", "tokamak_energy_risk_02" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "$335M reported total: $275M private + $60M government", "latest_cumulative_event_id": "te_2024_all_total", "latest_round_event_id": "te_2024_round", "caveat": "Latest verified financing announcement is November 2024. The STEP magnet supply contract is commercial revenue, not new venture funding." }, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TE_FUND", "MAG_TE_DEMO4", "MAG_TE_ST40", "MAG_TE_US" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "This is a reviewed-public-evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished experiments.", "research_notes": {}, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "type_one", "name": "Type One Energy", "entity_type": "reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "stellarator", "approach_variant": "stellarator", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "HTS stellarator developer planning engineering verification and a grid-power project at a retired TVA coal site.", "mechanism": [ "Three-dimensional superconducting coils provide a twisted toroidal confinement field without depending on a large driven plasma current." ], "operating_fuel": "Infinity One not yet commissioned; no company burning-plasma operation established.", "intended_fuel": "D-T for Infinity Two", "site_ids": [ "type_one_office", "typeone_infinity_one", "typeone_infinity_two" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "type_one_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "type_one_target_01", "type_one_target_02", "type_one_target_03" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "type_one_risk_01", "type_one_risk_02", "type_one_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "$200M Series B announced October 2026", "latest_round_event_id": "typeone_2026_b", "latest_cumulative_event_id": null, "caveat": "Current cumulative financing is not asserted; earlier totals and convertible financing may overlap." }, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TYPEONE_FUND", "MAG_TYPEONE_TECH", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "This is a reviewed-public-evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished experiments.", "research_notes": {}, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "proxima", "name": "Proxima Fusion", "entity_type": "reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "stellarator", "approach_variant": "quasi_isodynamic_stellarator", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "European HTS stellarator developer building from Wendelstein 7-X scientific heritage toward Alpha and Stellaris.", "mechanism": [ "Optimized quasi-isodynamic three-dimensional magnetic fields are designed to reduce particle losses and support steady plasma confinement." ], "operating_fuel": "No operating company fusion experiment established; Alpha is planned.", "intended_fuel": "D-T for the power-plant concept", "site_ids": [ "proxima_office", "proxima_alpha", "proxima_stellaris" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "proxima_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "proxima_target_01", "proxima_target_02", "proxima_target_03" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "proxima_risk_01", "proxima_risk_02", "proxima_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": ">€650M reported funding, including €95M grants; €411M latest round", "latest_cumulative_event_id": "proxima_2026_total", "latest_round_event_id": "proxima_2026_round", "caveat": "Separate €400M Bavaria commitment. Source supplies USD approximations; retain native EUR." }, "source_ids": [ "MAG_PROXIMA_FUND", "MAG_PROXIMA_ALPHA", "MAG_PROXIMA_STELLARIS", "MAG_PROXIMA_PAPER" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "This is a reviewed-public-evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished experiments.", "research_notes": {}, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "thea", "name": "Thea Energy", "entity_type": "reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "stellarator", "approach_variant": "planar_coil_stellarator", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Stellarator developer replacing individually twisted coils with many actively controlled planar HTS coils.", "mechanism": [ "A surrounding array of simple planar coils synthesizes a three-dimensional stellarator field through individually controlled currents." ], "operating_fuel": "No Eos plasma operation established; demonstrated work includes magnet arrays.", "intended_fuel": "D-D for Eos; D-T for Helios electricity plant", "site_ids": [ "thea_office", "thea_nj", "thea_eos" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "thea_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "thea_target_01", "thea_target_02", "thea_target_03" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "thea_risk_01", "thea_risk_02", "thea_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "$100M Series B plus undisclosed extension; $20M ARPA-E award separately", "latest_round_event_id": "thea_2026_b_extension", "latest_cumulative_event_id": null, "caveat": "Unknown extension is not zero; avoid inventing a total from the initial round." }, "source_ids": [ "MAG_THEA_FUND", "MAG_THEA_EXTENSION", "MAG_THEA_EOS", "MAG_THEA_HELIOS", "MAG_THEA_CANIS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "This is a reviewed-public-evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished experiments.", "research_notes": {}, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "renaissance", "name": "Renaissance Fusion", "entity_type": "reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "stellarator", "approach_variant": "patterned_hts_stellarator", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Stellarator developer combining patterned HTS surfaces with liquid-metal wall concepts.", "mechanism": [ "Laser-patterned superconducting paths would create the confinement field; flowing lithium would absorb heat, shield hardware and breed tritium." ], "operating_fuel": "Component and manufacturing development; no burning-plasma result established.", "intended_fuel": "D-T, consistent with its lithium/tritium power concept", "site_ids": [ "renaissance_office", "renaissance_grenoble" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "renaissance_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "renaissance_target_01" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "renaissance_risk_01", "renaissance_risk_02" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "€32M Series A first close, March 2025; €10M BPIFrance grant separately", "latest_round_event_id": "renaissance_a_first", "latest_cumulative_event_id": null, "caveat": "No current cumulative private total asserted." }, "source_ids": [ "MAG_RENAISSANCE_NEWS", "MAG_RENAISSANCE_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "This is a reviewed-public-evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished experiments.", "research_notes": {}, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "realta", "name": "Realta Fusion", "entity_type": "reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "magnetic_mirror", "approach_variant": "magnetic_mirror", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "High-field magnetic-mirror developer pursuing modular industrial heat and power.", "mechanism": [ "Stronger end fields reflect particles in a linear plasma. Direct electrostatic recovery may reduce losses, while D-T neutron energy still feeds a thermal power system." ], "operating_fuel": "D-D in the reviewed WHAM direct-conversion experiment", "intended_fuel": "D-T for first-generation commercial plants", "site_ids": [ "realta_office", "wham_site_00" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "realta_evidence_01", "realta_evidence_02" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "realta_target_01" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "realta_risk_01", "realta_risk_02" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "$36M Series A; $9.5M debt facility separately", "latest_round_event_id": "realta_2025_a", "latest_cumulative_event_id": null, "caveat": "Do not count available facility as fully drawn equity." }, "source_ids": [ "MAG_REALTA_TECH", "MAG_REALTA_FUND", "MAG_REALTA_DEBT", "MAG_REALTA_WHAM", "MAG_REALTA_DEC", "MAG_REALTA_TIMELINE" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "This is a reviewed-public-evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished experiments.", "research_notes": {}, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "energy_singularity", "name": "Energy Singularity", "entity_type": "reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "tokamak", "approach_variant": "high_field_tokamak", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Shanghai HTS tokamak developer operating HH70 and planning a higher-field successor.", "mechanism": [ "HTS magnets surround a tokamak plasma; the programme moves from long-duration experimental operation toward high-field gain studies." ], "operating_fuel": "Experimental HH70 plasma; campaign fuel details not verified in the reviewed primary releases.", "intended_fuel": "D-T for commercial concept", "site_ids": [ "energy_singularity_office", "es_hh70" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "energy_singularity_evidence_01", "energy_singularity_evidence_02", "energy_singularity_evidence_03" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "energy_singularity_target_01" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "energy_singularity_risk_01", "energy_singularity_risk_02" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "$112.5M company-declared in 2026 survey; historical native-currency total nearly RMB800M in 2023", "latest_cumulative_event_id": "es_2026_survey_total", "latest_round_event_id": "es_prea", "caveat": "A later financing rumor was not reconciled to a readable primary amount. Do not assert the historical round is necessarily the latest actual financing." }, "source_ids": [ "MAG_ES_DEVICES", "MAG_ES_PULSE", "MAG_ES_MAGNET", "MAG_ES_SEED", "MAG_ES_PREA", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "This is a reviewed-public-evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished experiments.", "research_notes": {}, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "kyoto_fusioneering", "name": "Kyoto Fusioneering", "entity_type": "fusion_systems_supplier", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": null, "approach_variant": "fusion_systems_supplier", "family": "enabling_systems", "summary": "Fusion engineering supplier developing heating, blanket, thermal-cycle and tritium systems.", "mechanism": [ "Provides enabling plant components and test loops across multiple reactor approaches; its own test facilities are not fusion-powered grid plants." ], "operating_fuel": "Engineering tests; not a reactor developer’s operating plasma fuel.", "intended_fuel": "Tritium handling, heating and blanket systems for customers, including D-T concepts.", "site_ids": [ "kyoto_fusioneering_office", "kyoto_unity1", "kyoto_unity2" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "kyoto_fusioneering_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "kyoto_fusioneering_target_01" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "kyoto_fusioneering_risk_01", "kyoto_fusioneering_risk_02" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "¥32.98B cumulative equity; latest ¥16.72B equity plus ¥9B facilities", "latest_cumulative_event_id": "kyoto_equity_total", "latest_round_event_id": "kyoto_d_first", "caveat": "Supplier category. The ¥25.72B headline combines equity and credit facilities." }, "source_ids": [ "MAG_KYOTO_FUND", "MAG_KYOTO_HQ" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_a_reactor_developer", "net_electricity_note": "This is a reviewed-public-evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished experiments.", "research_notes": {}, "intended_fuel_ids": [] }, { "id": "nt_tao", "name": "nT-Tao", "entity_type": "reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "stellarator", "approach_variant": "pulsed_compact_stellarator", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Compact pulsed stellarator developer targeting modular on-site electricity.", "mechanism": [ "High-density pulsed magnetic confinement combines stellarator shaping and rapidly delivered heating; intended plant output would use a thermal cycle." ], "operating_fuel": "Experimental plasma; exact operating mixture not verified here.", "intended_fuel": "D-T", "site_ids": [ "nt_tao_office", "nttao_c3" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "nt_tao_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "nt_tao_target_01", "nt_tao_target_02" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "nt_tao_risk_01", "nt_tao_risk_02" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "$34M company-declared in Q2 2026 survey", "latest_cumulative_event_id": "nttao_2026_total", "latest_round_event_id": "nttao_a", "caveat": "Historical $22M Series A and $28M cumulative at February 2023 are not current totals." }, "source_ids": [ "MAG_NTTAO_FUND", "MAG_NTTAO_POWER", "MAG_NTTAO_TECH", "MAG_NTTAO_FAQ", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "This is a reviewed-public-evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished experiments.", "research_notes": {}, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "helical_fusion", "name": "Helical Fusion", "entity_type": "reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "stellarator", "approach_variant": "helical_stellarator", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Japanese helical-stellarator developer pairing continuous HTS coils with liquid-metal blanket technology.", "mechanism": [ "Two helical superconducting coils wind around the plasma torus to produce its twisted magnetic field; the plant concept captures fusion heat for electricity." ], "operating_fuel": "HARUKA is under construction; no company burning plasma established.", "intended_fuel": "D-T", "site_ids": [ "helical_fusion_office", "helical_haruka", "helical_kanata" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "helical_fusion_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "helical_fusion_target_01", "helical_fusion_target_02" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "helical_fusion_risk_01", "helical_fusion_risk_02" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "¥13.05B cumulative mixed funding; ¥3.23B latest Series B second close", "latest_cumulative_event_id": "helical_company_total", "latest_round_event_id": "helical_b_second", "caveat": "English page says ¥13.15B; newer Japanese text says ¥13.05B. Includes loans and grants; conditional METI subsidy excluded." }, "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_EN", "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_JP", "MAG_HELICAL_TECH", "MAG_HELICAL_MANUFACTURE", "MAG_HELICAL_HQ" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "This is a reviewed-public-evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished experiments.", "research_notes": {}, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "inertia", "name": "Inertia Enterprises", "entity_type": "reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "laser_indirect", "approach_variant": "laser_indirect_drive", "family": "inertial", "summary": "Scales NIF-style indirect-drive laser fusion toward a repetitive electricity-producing plant.", "mechanism": [ "Diode-pumped beamlines deliver light to a hohlraum surrounding a cryogenic DT capsule.", "X-rays generated inside the hohlraum compress and ignite the capsule.", "The proposed gas-armored chamber and replaceable solid wall surround a heat-capturing, tritium-breeding system; turbines would make electricity.", "Fresh targets and laser shots repeat at the planned plant rate." ], "operating_fuel": "Component development; no company integrated fusion experiment identified", "intended_fuel": "D-T", "site_ids": [ "inertia_office", "inertia_site_01" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "inertia_evidence_01", "inertia_evidence_02", "inertia_evidence_03" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "inertia_target_01", "inertia_target_02", "inertia_target_03" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "inertia_risk_01", "inertia_risk_02", "inertia_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "$450 million milestone-based Series A announced February 2026", "funding_event_ids": [ "ALT_FIN_INERTIA_SERIES_A" ], "amount": 450000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "milestone_based_series_a", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_on_hand": null, "do_not_sum_events": true }, "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_FUND", "ALT_INERTIA_GAIN", "ALT_INERTIA_MODEL", "ALT_INERTIA_PAPER", "ALT_INERTIA_HOME", "ALT_INERTIA_PHASE1", "ALT_INERTIA_FUELING", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "research_notes": { "net_electricity_evidence_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "model_conflict_note": "The live FAQ18/30/45 scenarios and newer >25–43 simulations with 250–1300 MWe estimates use different model snapshots. Do not fit them into one universal line. Preserve source and version labels." }, "company_models": { "faq_scenarios": [ { "target_gain": 18, "net_grid_MW": 50, "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_GAIN" ], "evidence_type": "company_model", "warning": "Requires company-specific plant assumptions; not experimentally demonstrated." }, { "target_gain": 30, "net_grid_MW": 500, "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_GAIN" ], "evidence_type": "company_model" }, { "target_gain": 45, "net_grid_MW": 1500, "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_GAIN" ], "evidence_type": "company_model" } ], "phase1_power_balance": { "evidence_type": "simplified_company_model", "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_PHASE1" ], "laser_energy_MJ": 10, "repetition_Hz": 10, "laser_efficiency": 0.12, "thermal_efficiency": 0.45, "other_energy_per_shot_MJ": 5, "formula": "P_net_MW = repetition_Hz * (thermal_efficiency * target_gain * laser_energy_MJ - laser_energy_MJ / laser_efficiency - other_energy_per_shot_MJ)", "examples": [ { "target_gain": 25, "laser_efficiency": 0.12, "calculated_net_MW": 241.6667, "company_rounded_net_MW": 250 }, { "target_gain": 40, "laser_efficiency": 0.12, "calculated_net_MW": 916.6667, "company_rounded_net_MW": 900, "company_operator": "greater_than" }, { "target_gain": 40, "laser_efficiency": 0.15, "calculated_net_MW": 1083.3333, "company_rounded_net_MW": 1085 } ], "notes": [ "Arithmetic using the rounded source assumptions differs slightly from company rounded examples.", "Illustrative steady-running balance, not measured plant performance or a complete plant engineering model.", "Do not force this model to reproduce the separate gain 18/30/45 FAQ scenarios; source assumptions and versions differ." ] }, "version_note": "The live FAQ18/30/45 scenarios and newer >25–43 simulations with 250–1300 MWe estimates use different model snapshots. Do not fit them into one universal line. Preserve source and version labels." }, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "pacific_fusion", "name": "Pacific Fusion", "entity_type": "reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "pulsed_power_inertial", "approach_variant": "pulsed_magnetic_inertial", "family": "magneto_inertial", "summary": "Uses synchronized pulsed-power modules to magnetically compress a fuel target.", "mechanism": [ "Capacitor modules store electrical energy.", "Synchronized short current pulses create a strong magnetic force around a target.", "The target implodes, compressing and heating DT fuel.", "Future plant systems must turn the released heat into electricity and replace spent targets." ], "operating_fuel": "Driver/target experiments; prototype fuel details differ by campaign", "intended_fuel": "D-T", "site_ids": [ "pacific_fusion_office", "pacific_fusion_site_01", "pacific_fusion_site_02", "pacific_fusion_site_03" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "pacific_fusion_evidence_01", "pacific_fusion_evidence_02" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "pacific_fusion_target_01" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "pacific_fusion_risk_01", "pacific_fusion_risk_02", "pacific_fusion_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": ">$1 billion private capital reported July 2026; original Series A was milestone-released", "funding_event_ids": [ "ALT_FIN_PACIFIC_2024", "ALT_FIN_PACIFIC_2026" ], "amount": 1000000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "reported_private_capital_commitment_basis_uncertain", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_on_hand": null, "do_not_sum_events": true, "amount_operator": "greater_than" }, "source_ids": [ "ALT_PACIFIC_FOUND", "ALT_PACIFIC_MODULE", "ALT_PACIFIC_CAPITAL", "ALT_PACIFIC_SITE", "ALT_PACIFIC_LOC" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "research_notes": { "net_electricity_evidence_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work." }, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "xcimer", "name": "Xcimer Energy", "entity_type": "reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "hybrid_direct_drive", "approach_variant": "hybrid_direct_drive_excimer", "family": "inertial", "summary": "Develops high-energy excimer lasers and a liquid-wall chamber for inertial fusion power.", "mechanism": [ "Excimer gas amplifiers create a long laser pulse.", "Optical pulse compression shortens it for target implosion.", "Target design uses initial hohlraum-generated X-ray drive followed by direct laser drive; this hybrid direct-drive design is not fast ignition.", "An inertial-fusion target releases energy inside a liquid-wall chamber.", "Molten salt captures heat, shields structures and is intended to breed fuel." ], "operating_fuel": "Laser-component tests; no integrated power-generating fusion system identified", "intended_fuel": "D-T", "site_ids": [ "xcimer_office", "xcimer_site_01", "xcimer_site_02" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "xcimer_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "xcimer_target_01", "xcimer_target_02", "xcimer_target_03" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "xcimer_risk_01", "xcimer_risk_02", "xcimer_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "Nearly $200 million in seed and Series A investment on live FAQ; July 2026 survey snapshot was $178 million", "funding_event_ids": [ "ALT_FIN_XCIMER_A", "ALT_FIN_XCIMER_FIA", "ALT_FIN_XCIMER_LIVE_TOTAL" ], "amount": 200000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "approximate_private_investment_live_website", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_on_hand": null, "do_not_sum_events": true, "amount_operator": "nearly" }, "source_ids": [ "ALT_XCIMER_FUND", "ALT_XCIMER_ROADMAP", "ALT_XCIMER_DOE", "ALT_XCIMER_FAQ", "MAG_FIA_2026", "PAR_XCIMER_HDD" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "research_notes": { "net_electricity_evidence_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work." }, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "focused_energy", "name": "Focused Energy", "entity_type": "reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "laser_direct", "approach_variant": "laser_direct_drive_fast_ignition", "family": "inertial", "summary": "Develops direct-drive laser fusion, modular lasers and manufactured DT fuel capsules.", "mechanism": [ "Fresh DT capsules enter the chamber.", "Direct laser drive compresses the fuel.", "Published development work also tests focused laser-generated protons for fast ignition.", "Repeated fusion heat is intended to feed a conventional electricity plant." ], "operating_fuel": "Target/laser and proton-focusing experiments", "intended_fuel": "D-T", "site_ids": [ "focused_energy_office", "focused_energy_site_01", "focused_energy_site_02", "focused_energy_site_03" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "focused_energy_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "focused_energy_target_01", "focused_energy_target_02", "focused_energy_target_03" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "focused_energy_risk_01", "focused_energy_risk_02", "focused_energy_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "$500 million total declared in 2026 survey; $240 million Series A announced May 2026", "funding_event_ids": [ "ALT_FIN_FOCUSED_A", "ALT_FIN_FOCUSED_ENERGY_FIA" ], "amount": 500000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "mixed_or_unspecified_total", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_on_hand": null, "do_not_sum_events": true }, "source_ids": [ "ALT_FOCUSED_FUND", "ALT_FOCUSED_TECH", "ALT_FOCUSED_EXP", "ALT_FOCUSED_ROADMAP", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "research_notes": { "net_electricity_evidence_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "mechanism_note": "Current homepage emphasizes direct drive; older primary milestone release specifies proton fast ignition. Keep both with dates instead of asserting every present design detail is unchanged." }, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "general_fusion", "name": "General Fusion", "entity_type": "public_reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "magnetized_target", "approach_variant": "mechanical_magnetized_target", "family": "magneto_inertial", "summary": "Compresses a magnetized plasma with a metal liner, aiming for a reusable liquid-metal power-plant wall.", "mechanism": [ "An injector forms a deuterium spherical-tokamak plasma.", "A metal liner compresses and heats the magnetized fuel.", "LM26 uses a solid lithium liner; commercial machinery envisages liquid metal.", "The commercial liquid wall would capture heat and breed tritium." ], "operating_fuel": "LM26 deuterium spherical-tokamak plasmas (solid-liner experiments)", "intended_fuel": "D-T", "site_ids": [ "general_fusion_office", "general_fusion_site_01" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "general_fusion_evidence_01", "general_fusion_evidence_02" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "general_fusion_target_01", "general_fusion_target_02" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "general_fusion_risk_01", "general_fusion_risk_02", "general_fusion_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "≈$500 million survey total; ≈$150 million cash at July 2026 listing shown separately", "funding_event_ids": [ "ALT_FIN_GENERAL_FUSION_FIA", "ALT_FIN_GENERAL_LIST_CASH" ], "amount": 500000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "mixed_or_unspecified_total", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_on_hand": null, "do_not_sum_events": true, "amount_operator": "approximately" }, "source_ids": [ "ALT_GENERAL_TEMP", "ALT_GENERAL_LIST", "ALT_GENERAL_PATH", "ALT_GENERAL_LOC", "ALT_GENERAL_PAPER", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "research_notes": { "net_electricity_evidence_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "location_note": "Company press releases use Vancouver metropolitan label; street address is Richmond. Do not plot two independent reactor sites.", "prior_plan_note": "Older Culham demonstration plans should not be shown as an active operating project without a current dedicated source." }, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "zap_energy", "name": "Zap Energy", "entity_type": "integrated_nuclear_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "z_pinch", "approach_variant": "sheared_flow_z_pinch", "family": "magnetic_pulsed", "summary": "Uses the plasma current to pinch a flowing column, with sheared flow intended to suppress instabilities.", "mechanism": [ "Current accelerates plasma into a narrow column.", "The current generates a magnetic field that compresses the column.", "Different axial flow speeds help stabilize the pinch.", "Future liquid-metal walls capture heat; fission and hybrid products are separate development tracks." ], "operating_fuel": "Deuterium fusion experiments; Century engineering platform uses hydrogen", "intended_fuel": "D-T", "site_ids": [ "zap_energy_office", "zap_energy_site_01" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "zap_energy_evidence_01", "zap_energy_evidence_02", "zap_energy_evidence_03" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "zap_energy_target_01" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "zap_energy_risk_01", "zap_energy_risk_02", "zap_energy_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "$338 million declared 2026 survey total; $130 million Series D verified October 2024", "funding_event_ids": [ "ALT_FIN_ZAP_D", "ALT_FIN_ZAP_ENERGY_FIA" ], "amount": 338000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "mixed_or_unspecified_total", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_on_hand": null, "do_not_sum_events": true }, "source_ids": [ "ALT_ZAP_FUND", "ALT_ZAP_PRESSURE", "ALT_ZAP_STRATEGY", "ALT_ZAP_LOC", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "research_notes": { "net_electricity_evidence_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work." }, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "first_light", "name": "First Light Fusion", "entity_type": "fuel_system_and_partnered_reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "hybrid_fast_ignition", "approach_variant": "hybrid_fast_ignition", "family": "inertial", "summary": "Develops FLARE, a two-stage fuel system, with partners supplying major plant and driver systems.", "mechanism": [ "An engineered fuel package controls the compression of DT fuel.", "An electrical pulse compresses the fuel with limited premature heating.", "A separate rapid heating step is intended to trigger ignition.", "Partner-built systems complete the plant around the fuel-system design." ], "operating_fuel": "Hydrodynamics/compression tests; not integrated ignition", "intended_fuel": "D-T", "site_ids": [ "first_light_office", "first_light_site_01" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "first_light_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "first_light_target_01", "first_light_target_02" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "first_light_risk_01", "first_light_risk_02", "first_light_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "$156.38 million survey total; £25 million first-close round April 2026", "funding_event_ids": [ "ALT_FIN_FIRSTLIGHT_2026", "ALT_FIN_FIRST_LIGHT_FIA" ], "amount": 156379800, "currency": "USD", "basis": "mixed_or_unspecified_total", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_on_hand": null, "do_not_sum_events": true }, "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_FUND", "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TEST", "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "research_notes": { "net_electricity_evidence_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "prior_plan_note": "Do not present historic projectile-driven power-plant plans as the current strategy. Current FLARE is a partnered fuel-system/hybrid-fast-ignition program." }, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "marvel_fusion", "name": "Marvel Fusion", "entity_type": "reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "laser_direct", "approach_variant": "laser_fast_ignition", "family": "inertial", "summary": "Pursues hollow-shell fast ignition using nanostructured targets and high-repetition lasers.", "mechanism": [ "Laser pulses interact with nanostructured target materials.", "Converters couple energy through fast particles and radiation into fuel.", "A fast-ignition architecture is intended to initiate burn.", "Near-term DT plants use a liquid blanket for heat extraction and tritium breeding." ], "operating_fuel": "Laser/target component research", "intended_fuel": "Near-term noncryogenic D-T; longer-term tritium-lean options", "site_ids": [ "marvel_fusion_office", "marvel_fusion_site_01", "marvel_fusion_site_02" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "marvel_fusion_evidence_01", "marvel_fusion_evidence_02" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "marvel_fusion_target_01", "marvel_fusion_target_02", "marvel_fusion_target_03", "marvel_fusion_target_04", "marvel_fusion_target_05" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "marvel_fusion_risk_01", "marvel_fusion_risk_02", "marvel_fusion_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "€170 million private investment plus €215 million public cooperation projects (March 2025 disclosure)", "funding_event_ids": [ "ALT_FIN_MARVEL_B_EXT", "ALT_FIN_MARVEL_PRIVATE", "ALT_FIN_MARVEL_PUBLIC" ], "amount": 170000000, "currency": "EUR", "basis": "private_investment_with_separate_public_projects", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_on_hand": null, "do_not_sum_events": true }, "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_FUND", "ALT_MARVEL_TECH", "ALT_MARVEL_SITE", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "research_notes": { "net_electricity_evidence_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "conflict_note": "2026 survey says $440 million declared total and 300–500 MWe; live roadmap says ~100 MW pilot with net 2036. Keep source-vintage differences visible; do not silently blend." }, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "avalanche_energy", "name": "Avalanche Energy", "entity_type": "reactor_and_neutron_source_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "electrostatic", "approach_variant": "magneto_electrostatic", "family": "electrostatic_magnetic", "summary": "Develops compact crossed-field devices, combining electrostatic ion orbits with magnetic electron confinement.", "mechanism": [ "A negative central electrode attracts fast ions into orbits.", "A surrounding magnetic field confines electrons.", "Co-confined charged populations are intended to sustain fusion reactions.", "First commercial infrastructure targets neutron testing; electricity-producing compact machines remain future goals." ], "operating_fuel": "Hydrogen/ion-confinement experiments; DT gain program planned", "intended_fuel": "D-T near-term; other fuels discussed as longer-term options", "site_ids": [ "avalanche_energy_office", "avalanche_energy_site_01" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "avalanche_energy_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "avalanche_energy_target_01", "avalanche_energy_target_02", "avalanche_energy_target_03" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "avalanche_energy_risk_01", "avalanche_energy_risk_02", "avalanche_energy_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "$104.2 million 2026 survey total; $29 million round and $10 million state grant separately identified", "funding_event_ids": [ "ALT_FIN_AVALANCHE_2026", "ALT_FIN_AVALANCHE_GRANT", "ALT_FIN_AVALANCHE_ENERGY_FIA" ], "amount": 104200000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "mixed_or_unspecified_total", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_on_hand": null, "do_not_sum_events": true }, "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND", "ALT_AVALANCHE_TECH", "ALT_AVALANCHE_GRANT", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "research_notes": { "net_electricity_evidence_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work." }, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "ex_fusion", "name": "EX-Fusion", "entity_type": "reactor_and_laser_technology_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "laser_direct", "approach_variant": "laser_direct_fast_ignition", "family": "inertial", "summary": "Builds laser control, target delivery and laser systems toward repeated inertial-fusion operation.", "mechanism": [ "A target-feed system delivers fresh fuel capsules.", "Feedback control tracks targets and aims laser beams.", "The referenced LIFT design uses multi-direction laser compression followed by a separate laser ignition stage.", "A future thermal plant converts repeated fusion heat to power." ], "operating_fuel": "Surrogate-target laser irradiation; fusion-neutron operation is a future integrated milestone", "intended_fuel": "D-T", "site_ids": [ "ex_fusion_office", "ex_fusion_site_01" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "ex_fusion_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "ex_fusion_target_01", "ex_fusion_target_02" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "ex_fusion_risk_01", "ex_fusion_risk_02", "ex_fusion_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "JPY 6 billion cumulative financing, including loans (October 2025)", "funding_event_ids": [ "ALT_FIN_EXFUSION_A", "ALT_FIN_EXFUSION_EXT", "ALT_FIN_EXFUSION_TOTAL" ], "amount": 6000000000, "currency": "JPY", "basis": "equity_and_debt", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_on_hand": null, "do_not_sum_events": true }, "source_ids": [ "ALT_EXFUSION_A", "ALT_EXFUSION_EXT", "ALT_EXFUSION_TEST", "ALT_EXFUSION_LOC", "MAG_FIA_2026", "PAR_EXFUSION_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "research_notes": { "net_electricity_evidence_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "survey_funding_note": "FIA2026 reports $38 million total as a survey conversion. Original-currencyJPY 6 billion is preferred; do not add the two figures." }, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "hb11", "name": "HB11 Energy", "entity_type": "reactor_and_laser_technology_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "laser_direct", "approach_variant": "laser_proton_boron", "family": "inertial", "summary": "Develops laser-driven proton-boron fusion and related laser and target technologies.", "mechanism": [ "The proposed fast-ignition sequence begins with a nanosecond laser pulse that compresses a proton-boron fuel pellet.", "A picosecond pulse generates focused energetic protons intended to ignite the compressed fuel.", "The main proton-boron-11 reaction yields three helium nuclei; experiments study target geometry and reaction yield.", "The concept feeds about one pellet per second and recovers heat through a conventional steam cycle; this is a future plant design." ], "operating_fuel": "Proton-boron reaction experiments in collaborating facilities", "intended_fuel": "p-B11", "site_ids": [ "hb11_office" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "hb11_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "hb11_target_01" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "hb11_risk_01", "hb11_risk_02", "hb11_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "Company total not verified; AUD 22 million consortium project disclosed separately", "funding_event_ids": [ "ALT_FIN_HB11_PROJECT" ], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "mixed_or_unspecified_total", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_on_hand": null, "do_not_sum_events": true }, "source_ids": [ "ALT_HB11_TECH", "ALT_HB11_PAPER", "ALT_HB11_PROJECT" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "research_notes": { "net_electricity_evidence_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "coverage_tier": "supplemental" }, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "p-B11" ] }, { "id": "fuse", "name": "Fuse Energy Technologies", "entity_type": "neutron_source_and_reactor_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "pulsed_power_inertial", "approach_variant": "pulsed_magnetic_inertial", "family": "magneto_inertial", "summary": "Commercializes radiation-testing hardware while developing pulsed-power inertial-fusion concepts.", "mechanism": [ "Pulsed-power systems drive high-current loads.", "Existing dense-plasma-focus hardware produces neutrons for testing.", "A future MagLIF system would compress preconditioned fuel.", "Energy production remains distinct from existing radiation-service revenue." ], "operating_fuel": "D-D neutron-source tests; future MagLIF route", "intended_fuel": "D-D / D-T", "site_ids": [ "fuse_office", "fuse_site_01", "fuse_site_02" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "fuse_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "fuse_target_01" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "fuse_risk_01", "fuse_risk_02", "fuse_risk_03" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "$65 million total declared in 2026 industry survey", "funding_event_ids": [ "ALT_FIN_FUSE_FIA" ], "amount": 65000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "mixed_or_unspecified_total", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_on_hand": null, "do_not_sum_events": true }, "source_ids": [ "ALT_FUSE_TEST", "ALT_FUSE_CONCEPT", "ALT_FUSE_HOME", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "research_notes": { "net_electricity_evidence_note": "No positive net-electric demonstration found in reviewed sources; this is an evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished work.", "coverage_tier": "supplemental" }, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "startorus", "name": "Startorus Fusion", "entity_type": "fusion_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "spherical_tokamak", "approach_variant": "spherical_tokamak", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Chinese developer of spherical tokamaks using repetitive magnetic reconnection heating and HTS magnets.", "mechanism": [ "A compact toroidal plasma is heated in repeated magnetic reconnection pulses. High-current-density magnets support the small central-column geometry." ], "operating_fuel": "Experimental fuel is not specified consistently in the reviewed company releases; do not infer a D-T burn.", "intended_fuel": "D-T (company-reported FIA 2026 profile); equivalent-Q targets are not measured D-T gain.", "site_ids": [ "startorus_office", "startorus_site_01", "startorus_site_02" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "startorus_evidence_01", "startorus_evidence_02" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "startorus_target_01", "startorus_target_02", "startorus_target_03" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "startorus_risk_01", "startorus_risk_02" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "RMB880m A++ round announced August 2026; earlier cumulative financing exceeded RMB2bn in May 2026. Do not display their sum as a company-reported latest total." }, "source_ids": [ "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS", "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS_PLUS", "PAR_STARTORUS_MAGNET", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "This is a reviewed-public-evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished experiments.", "research_notes": {}, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "openstar", "name": "OpenStar Technologies", "entity_type": "fusion_developer", "sector": "company_or_supplier", "approach_id": "levitated_dipole", "approach_variant": "levitated_dipole", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Develops a levitated superconducting ring that confines plasma around its dipole field.", "mechanism": [ "Unlike an external-coil torus, the central magnet sits inside the plasma chamber. The ring must remain cold and shielded while plasma surrounds it; prospective D-T plants still require a blanket and fuel cycle." ], "operating_fuel": "Prototype plasma; exact experimental fuel not carried from reviewed partner release.", "intended_fuel": "D-T in the published Tama Nui plant design.", "site_ids": [ "openstar_office", "openstar_site_01" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "openstar_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "openstar_target_01" ], "risk_note_ids": [ "openstar_risk_01", "openstar_risk_02" ], "funding_summary": { "display": "Government loan of up to NZD35m announced February 2026. Comparable current cumulative private funding not established in this record." }, "source_ids": [ "PAR_OPENSTAR_PPPL", "PAR_OPENSTAR_LOAN", "PAR_OPENSTAR_TECH", "PAR_OPENSTAR_TEAM" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_established_in_reviewed_public_sources", "net_electricity_note": "This is a reviewed-public-evidence status, not an assertion about unpublished experiments.", "research_notes": {}, "intended_fuel_ids": [ "D-T" ] }, { "id": "nif", "name": "National Ignition Facility", "entity_type": "public_research_project", "sector": "public_project_or_facility", "approach_id": "laser_indirect", "approach_variant": "laser_indirect", "family": "inertial", "summary": "Laser-fusion experiment and national security research facility.", "role": "ignition_and_high_energy_density_research", "operator": null, "status": "operating", "site_ids": [ "nif_site_00" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "nif_evidence_01", "nif_evidence_02" ], "target_claim_ids": [], "risk_note_ids": [], "funding_summary": { "display": "Public infrastructure funding is not comparable with startup equity funding." }, "source_ids": [ "PHY_009", "PHY_010", "PHY_011" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_a_grid_power_facility" }, { "id": "jet", "name": "Joint European Torus", "entity_type": "public_research_project", "sector": "public_project_or_facility", "approach_id": "tokamak", "approach_variant": "tokamak", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Major D-T tokamak; scientific operation ended December 2023.", "role": "historical_dt_research", "operator": null, "status": "scientific_operations_ended", "site_ids": [ "jet_site_00" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "jet_evidence_01", "jet_evidence_02" ], "target_claim_ids": [], "risk_note_ids": [], "funding_summary": { "display": "Public infrastructure funding is not comparable with startup equity funding." }, "source_ids": [ "PHY_013", "PHY_014", "PHY_020" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_a_grid_power_facility" }, { "id": "w7x", "name": "Wendelstein 7-X", "entity_type": "public_research_project", "sector": "public_project_or_facility", "approach_id": "stellarator", "approach_variant": "stellarator", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Optimized stellarator testing the long-pulse physics of this approach; not an electricity plant.", "role": "stellarator_confinement_research", "operator": null, "status": "operating", "site_ids": [ "w7x_site_00" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "w7x_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [], "risk_note_ids": [], "funding_summary": { "display": "Public infrastructure funding is not comparable with startup equity funding." }, "source_ids": [ "PHY_015" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_a_grid_power_facility" }, { "id": "east", "name": "EAST", "entity_type": "public_research_project", "sector": "public_project_or_facility", "approach_id": "tokamak", "approach_variant": "tokamak", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Superconducting tokamak studying stable long-duration plasma operation.", "role": "long_pulse_tokamak_research", "operator": null, "status": "operating", "site_ids": [ "east_site_00" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "east_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [], "risk_note_ids": [], "funding_summary": { "display": "Public infrastructure funding is not comparable with startup equity funding." }, "source_ids": [ "PHY_016" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_a_grid_power_facility" }, { "id": "kstar", "name": "KSTAR", "entity_type": "public_research_project", "sector": "public_project_or_facility", "approach_id": "tokamak", "approach_variant": "tokamak", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Superconducting tokamak studying hot-ion and long-pulse operation.", "role": "high_temperature_tokamak_research", "operator": null, "status": "operating", "site_ids": [ "kstar_site_00" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "kstar_evidence_01", "kstar_evidence_02" ], "target_claim_ids": [], "risk_note_ids": [], "funding_summary": { "display": "Public infrastructure funding is not comparable with startup equity funding." }, "source_ids": [ "PHY_017" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_a_grid_power_facility" }, { "id": "west", "name": "WEST", "entity_type": "public_research_project", "sector": "public_project_or_facility", "approach_id": "tokamak", "approach_variant": "tokamak", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Tokamak used for long-pulse plasma-facing-component and control research.", "role": "long_pulse_tungsten_wall_research", "operator": null, "status": "operating", "site_ids": [ "west_site_00" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "west_evidence_01", "west_evidence_02" ], "target_claim_ids": [], "risk_note_ids": [], "funding_summary": { "display": "Public infrastructure funding is not comparable with startup equity funding." }, "source_ids": [ "PHY_018" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_a_grid_power_facility" }, { "id": "iter", "name": "ITER", "entity_type": "public_research_project", "sector": "public_project_or_facility", "approach_id": "tokamak", "approach_variant": "tokamak", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "International experiment designed to study burning plasma and reactor systems; no electricity generator.", "role": "burning_plasma_and_integrated_technology_experiment", "operator": null, "status": "under_construction", "site_ids": [ "iter_site_00" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [], "target_claim_ids": [ "iter_target_01", "iter_target_02", "iter_target_03", "iter_target_04" ], "risk_note_ids": [], "funding_summary": { "display": "Public infrastructure funding is not comparable with startup equity funding." }, "source_ids": [ "PHY_019", "PHY_020", "PHY_021" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_a_grid_power_facility" }, { "id": "jt60sa", "name": "JT-60SA", "entity_type": "public_research_project", "sector": "public_project_or_facility", "approach_id": "tokamak", "approach_variant": "tokamak", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Japan-Europe research tokamak supporting ITER and future power-plant plasma scenarios. Current campaign state not independently refreshed here.", "role": "tokamak_scenario_and_superconducting_research", "operator": null, "status": "first_plasma_demonstrated", "site_ids": [ "jt60sa_site_00" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "jt60sa_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [], "risk_note_ids": [], "funding_summary": { "display": "Public infrastructure funding is not comparable with startup equity funding." }, "source_ids": [ "PHY_026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_a_grid_power_facility" }, { "id": "ifmif_dones", "name": "IFMIF-DONES", "entity_type": "public_research_project", "sector": "public_project_or_facility", "approach_id": null, "approach_variant": null, "family": "enabling_systems", "summary": "Accelerator-driven neutron source for testing fusion materials; not a fusion reactor or a grid-power project.", "role": "materials_irradiation_infrastructure", "operator": null, "status": "under_construction", "site_ids": [ "ifmif_dones_site_00" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [], "target_claim_ids": [ "ifmif_dones_target_01" ], "risk_note_ids": [], "funding_summary": { "display": "Public infrastructure funding is not comparable with startup equity funding." }, "source_ids": [ "PHY_024", "PHY_025" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_a_grid_power_facility" }, { "id": "sandia_z", "name": "Sandia Z and MagLIF", "entity_type": "public_research_project", "sector": "public_project_or_facility", "approach_id": "pulsed_power_inertial", "approach_variant": "pulsed_power_inertial", "family": "magneto_inertial", "summary": "Pulsed-power facility developing magnetized liner fusion experiments.", "role": "pulsed_power_and_fusion_research", "operator": null, "status": "research_facility", "site_ids": [ "sandia_z_site_00" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "sandia_z_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [], "risk_note_ids": [], "funding_summary": { "display": "Public infrastructure funding is not comparable with startup equity funding." }, "source_ids": [ "PHY_033" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_a_grid_power_facility" }, { "id": "omega", "name": "OMEGA", "entity_type": "public_research_project", "sector": "public_project_or_facility", "approach_id": "laser_direct", "approach_variant": "laser_direct", "family": "inertial", "summary": "University laser facility studying direct-drive implosions and diagnostics.", "role": "laser_direct_drive_research", "operator": null, "status": "research_facility", "site_ids": [ "omega_site_00" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [], "target_claim_ids": [], "risk_note_ids": [], "funding_summary": { "display": "Public infrastructure funding is not comparable with startup equity funding." }, "source_ids": [ "PHY_034" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_a_grid_power_facility" }, { "id": "wham", "name": "WHAM", "entity_type": "public_research_project", "sector": "public_project_or_facility", "approach_id": "magnetic_mirror", "approach_variant": "magnetic_mirror", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "UW–Madison experiment with Realta; keep the university facility distinct from the company.", "role": "public_private_mirror_experiment", "operator": null, "status": "scientific_operation", "site_ids": [ "wham_site_00" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "wham_evidence_01", "wham_evidence_02" ], "target_claim_ids": [], "risk_note_ids": [], "funding_summary": { "display": "Public infrastructure funding is not comparable with startup equity funding." }, "source_ids": [ "PHY_035" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_a_grid_power_facility" }, { "id": "step", "name": "STEP", "entity_type": "public_pilot_program", "sector": "public_project_or_facility", "approach_id": "spherical_tokamak", "approach_variant": "spherical_tokamak", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Prototype intended to export net electricity, breed tritium and demonstrate a route to commercial availability.", "role": "Prototype intended to export net electricity, breed tritium and demonstrate a route to commercial availability.", "operator": "UK Fusion Energy", "status": "development_and_site_preparation", "site_ids": [ "step_site_00" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "step_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "step_target_01" ], "risk_note_ids": [], "funding_summary": { "display": "GBP1.3bn for next STEP stage, within wider GBP2.5bn UK fusion support; not total lifetime plant cost." }, "source_ids": [ "PAR_STEP_STRATEGY", "PAR_UK_STRATEGY", "PAR_STEP_PARTNERS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "program_target_not_demonstrated" }, { "id": "best", "name": "BEST", "entity_type": "public_research_project", "sector": "public_project_or_facility", "approach_id": "tokamak", "approach_variant": "tokamak", "family": "magnetic", "summary": "Compact high-field tokamak for D-T burning-plasma research and technology testing.", "role": "Compact high-field tokamak for D-T burning-plasma research and technology testing.", "operator": "ASIPP with EUROfusion research collaboration", "status": "under_construction", "site_ids": [ "best_site_00" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "best_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [ "best_target_01", "best_target_02" ], "risk_note_ids": [], "funding_summary": { "display": "No directly comparable project cash total included; state-linked capital and programme budgets have different boundaries." }, "source_ids": [ "PAR_BEST_PLAN", "PAR_F4E_REPORT" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_a_grid_power_facility" }, { "id": "craft", "name": "CRAFT", "entity_type": "enabling_facility", "sector": "public_project_or_facility", "approach_id": null, "approach_variant": null, "family": "enabling_systems", "summary": "Engineering and technology test infrastructure supporting future fusion systems.", "role": "Engineering and technology test infrastructure supporting future fusion systems.", "operator": "ASIPP", "status": "engineering_test_infrastructure", "site_ids": [ "craft_site_00" ], "evidence_claim_ids": [ "craft_evidence_01" ], "target_claim_ids": [], "risk_note_ids": [], "funding_summary": { "display": "No comparable cash figure included." }, "source_ids": [ "PAR_F4E_REPORT" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "net_electricity_evidence_status": "not_a_grid_power_facility" } ], "sites": [ { "id": "cfs_office", "entity_id": "cfs", "name": "Commonwealth Fusion Systems headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Devens", "region": "Massachusetts", "country": "United States", "lat": 42.544, "lon": -71.613, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_CFS_SPARC" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "cfs_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "cfs_sparc", "entity_id": "cfs", "name": "SPARC", "role": "experiment", "status": "under_construction", "city": "Devens", "region": "Massachusetts", "country": "United States", "lat": 42.544, "lon": -71.613, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_CFS_SPARC" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "cfs_sparc", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Experiment" }, { "id": "cfs_arc", "entity_id": "cfs", "name": "ARC / Fall Line Fusion Power Station", "role": "planned_power_plant", "status": "planned", "city": "Chesterfield County", "region": "Virginia", "country": "United States", "lat": 37.38, "lon": -77.5, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_CFS_ARC" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "cfs_arc", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "outlined_diamond", "role_label": "Planned power plant" }, { "id": "helion_office", "entity_id": "helion", "name": "Helion headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Everett", "region": "Washington", "country": "United States", "lat": 47.979, "lon": -122.202, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELION_CHIPS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "helion_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "helion_polaris", "entity_id": "helion", "name": "Polaris", "role": "experiment", "status": "operating", "city": "Everett", "region": "Washington", "country": "United States", "lat": 47.979, "lon": -122.202, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELION_POLARIS_RESULTS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "helion_polaris", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Experiment" }, { "id": "helion_orion", "entity_id": "helion", "name": "Orion", "role": "planned_power_plant", "status": "under_construction", "city": "Malaga", "region": "Washington", "country": "United States", "lat": 47.37, "lon": -120.2, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELION_ORION" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "helion_orion", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "outlined_diamond", "role_label": "Planned power plant" }, { "id": "tae_office", "entity_id": "tae", "name": "TAE Technologies headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Foothill Ranch", "region": "California", "country": "United States", "lat": 33.687, "lon": -117.661, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "tae_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "tae_norm", "entity_id": "tae", "name": "Norm / former Norman configuration", "role": "experiment", "status": "operating", "city": "Foothill Ranch", "region": "California", "country": "United States", "lat": 33.687, "lon": -117.661, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_ROADMAP" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "tae_norm", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Experiment" }, { "id": "tae_davinci", "entity_id": "tae", "name": "Da Vinci", "role": "planned_power_plant", "status": "site_not_verified_selected", "city": null, "region": null, "country": null, "lat": null, "lon": null, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_HE3", "MAG_TAE_DEBT" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "tae_davinci", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "outlined_diamond", "role_label": "Planned power plant" }, { "id": "tokamak_energy_office", "entity_id": "tokamak_energy", "name": "Tokamak Energy headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Milton Park / Abingdon", "region": "Oxfordshire", "country": "United Kingdom", "lat": 51.67, "lon": -1.28, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TE_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "tokamak_energy_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "te_st40", "entity_id": "tokamak_energy", "name": "ST40 and Demo4 campus", "role": "experiment_and_components", "status": "operating", "city": "Milton Park / Abingdon", "region": "Oxfordshire", "country": "United Kingdom", "lat": 51.67, "lon": -1.28, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TE_ST40", "MAG_TE_DEMO4" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "te_st40", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Experiment and components" }, { "id": "type_one_office", "entity_id": "type_one", "name": "Type One Energy headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Knoxville", "region": "Tennessee", "country": "United States", "lat": 35.961, "lon": -83.921, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "type_one_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "proxima_office", "entity_id": "proxima", "name": "Proxima Fusion headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Munich", "region": "Bavaria", "country": "Germany", "lat": 48.137, "lon": 11.575, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_PROXIMA_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "proxima_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "proxima_alpha", "entity_id": "proxima", "name": "Alpha", "role": "planned_experiment", "status": "planned", "city": "Garching", "region": "Bavaria", "country": "Germany", "lat": 48.248, "lon": 11.652, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_PROXIMA_ALPHA" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "proxima_alpha", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Planned experiment" }, { "id": "proxima_stellaris", "entity_id": "proxima", "name": "Stellaris", "role": "planned_power_plant", "status": "planned", "city": "Gundremmingen", "region": "Bavaria", "country": "Germany", "lat": 48.5, "lon": 10.4, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_PROXIMA_STELLARIS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "proxima_stellaris", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "outlined_diamond", "role_label": "Planned power plant" }, { "id": "thea_office", "entity_id": "thea", "name": "Thea Energy headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Kearny", "region": "New Jersey", "country": "United States", "lat": 40.768, "lon": -74.146, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_THEA_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "thea_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "thea_nj", "entity_id": "thea", "name": "Magnet development facilities", "role": "component_research", "status": "operating", "city": "Kearny", "region": "New Jersey", "country": "United States", "lat": 40.768, "lon": -74.146, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_THEA_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "thea_nj", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "hexagon", "role_label": "Component research" }, { "id": "thea_eos", "entity_id": "thea", "name": "Eos", "role": "planned_experiment", "status": "site_selection_in_progress_as_of_reviewed_release", "city": null, "region": null, "country": null, "lat": null, "lon": null, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_THEA_FUND", "MAG_THEA_EXTENSION" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "thea_eos", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Planned experiment" }, { "id": "renaissance_office", "entity_id": "renaissance", "name": "Renaissance Fusion headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Grenoble", "region": "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes", "country": "France", "lat": 45.1885, "lon": 5.7245, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_RENAISSANCE_NEWS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "renaissance_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "renaissance_grenoble", "entity_id": "renaissance", "name": "HTS and liquid-metal development", "role": "component_research", "status": "operating", "city": "Grenoble", "region": "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes", "country": "France", "lat": 45.1885, "lon": 5.7245, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_RENAISSANCE_NEWS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "renaissance_grenoble", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "hexagon", "role_label": "Component research" }, { "id": "realta_office", "entity_id": "realta", "name": "Realta Fusion headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Madison", "region": "Wisconsin", "country": "United States", "lat": 43.074, "lon": -89.385, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_REALTA_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "realta_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "energy_singularity_office", "entity_id": "energy_singularity", "name": "Energy Singularity headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Shanghai", "region": "Shanghai", "country": "China", "lat": 31.23, "lon": 121.474, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_ES_PREA" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "energy_singularity_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "es_hh70", "entity_id": "energy_singularity", "name": "HH70", "role": "experiment", "status": "operating", "city": "Shanghai", "region": "Shanghai", "country": "China", "lat": 31.23, "lon": 121.474, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_ES_DEVICES" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "es_hh70", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Experiment" }, { "id": "kyoto_fusioneering_office", "entity_id": "kyoto_fusioneering", "name": "Kyoto Fusioneering headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Tokyo", "region": "Tokyo", "country": "Japan", "lat": 35.68, "lon": 139.76, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_KYOTO_HQ" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "kyoto_fusioneering_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "kyoto_unity1", "entity_id": "kyoto_fusioneering", "name": "UNITY-1", "role": "engineering_test_facility", "status": "development_and_testing", "city": "Kyoto", "region": "Kyoto", "country": "Japan", "lat": 35.0116, "lon": 135.7681, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_KYOTO_FUND", "MAG_KYOTO_HQ" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "kyoto_unity1", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "hexagon", "role_label": "Engineering test facility" }, { "id": "kyoto_unity2", "entity_id": "kyoto_fusioneering", "name": "UNITY-2 / Canadian collaboration", "role": "fuel_cycle_test_facility", "status": "development", "city": "Chalk River", "region": "Ontario", "country": "Canada", "lat": 46.02, "lon": -77.45, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_KYOTO_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "kyoto_unity2", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "hexagon", "role_label": "Fuel cycle test facility" }, { "id": "nt_tao_office", "entity_id": "nt_tao", "name": "nT-Tao headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Hod HaSharon", "region": "Central District", "country": "Israel", "lat": 32.15, "lon": 34.89, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "nt_tao_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "nttao_c3", "entity_id": "nt_tao", "name": "Prototype programme", "role": "experiment", "status": "operating", "city": "Hod HaSharon", "region": "Central District", "country": "Israel", "lat": 32.15, "lon": 34.89, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_NTTAO_POWER" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "nttao_c3", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Experiment" }, { "id": "helical_fusion_office", "entity_id": "helical_fusion", "name": "Helical Fusion headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Tokyo", "region": "Tokyo", "country": "Japan", "lat": 35.68, "lon": 139.76, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELICAL_HQ" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "helical_fusion_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "helical_haruka", "entity_id": "helical_fusion", "name": "Helix HARUKA at NIFS", "role": "integrated_demonstrator", "status": "under_construction", "city": "Toki", "region": "Gifu", "country": "Japan", "lat": 35.35, "lon": 137.18, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_JP" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "helical_haruka", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Integrated demonstrator" }, { "id": "helical_kanata", "entity_id": "helical_fusion", "name": "Helix KANATA", "role": "planned_power_plant", "status": "planned", "city": null, "region": null, "country": null, "lat": null, "lon": null, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_EN" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "helical_kanata", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "outlined_diamond", "role_label": "Planned power plant" }, { "id": "inertia_office", "entity_id": "inertia", "name": "Inertia Enterprises headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Livermore", "region": "California", "country": "United States", "lat": 37.6819, "lon": -121.768, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_FUND", "ALT_INERTIA_GAIN", "ALT_INERTIA_MODEL", "ALT_INERTIA_PAPER", "ALT_INERTIA_HOME", "ALT_INERTIA_PHASE1", "ALT_INERTIA_FUELING", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "inertia_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "inertia_site_01", "entity_id": "inertia", "name": "Livermore development and prototyping", "role": "r_and_d", "status": "component_development", "city": "Livermore", "region": "California", "country": "United States", "lat": 37.6819, "lon": -121.768, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_FUND", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "inertia_site_01", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "R and d" }, { "id": "pacific_fusion_office", "entity_id": "pacific_fusion", "name": "Pacific Fusion headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Fremont", "region": "California", "country": "United States", "lat": 37.5485, "lon": -121.9886, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_PACIFIC_FOUND", "ALT_PACIFIC_MODULE", "ALT_PACIFIC_CAPITAL", "ALT_PACIFIC_SITE", "ALT_PACIFIC_LOC" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "pacific_fusion_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "pacific_fusion_site_01", "entity_id": "pacific_fusion", "name": "Mesa del Sol Demonstration System", "role": "experimental_demo", "status": "under_construction", "city": "Albuquerque", "region": "New Mexico", "country": "United States", "lat": 35.0844, "lon": -106.6504, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_PACIFIC_SITE" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "pacific_fusion_site_01", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Experimental demo" }, { "id": "pacific_fusion_site_02", "entity_id": "pacific_fusion", "name": "Fusion Factory", "role": "manufacturing", "status": "developing", "city": "Los Lunas", "region": "New Mexico", "country": "United States", "lat": 34.8062, "lon": -106.7334, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_PACIFIC_LOC" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "pacific_fusion_site_02", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "hexagon", "role_label": "Manufacturing" }, { "id": "pacific_fusion_site_03", "entity_id": "pacific_fusion", "name": "Build Center", "role": "manufacturing", "status": "operating", "city": "San Leandro", "region": "California", "country": "United States", "lat": 37.7249, "lon": -122.1561, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_PACIFIC_MODULE" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "pacific_fusion_site_03", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "hexagon", "role_label": "Manufacturing" }, { "id": "xcimer_office", "entity_id": "xcimer", "name": "Xcimer Energy headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Denver", "region": "Colorado", "country": "United States", "lat": 39.7392, "lon": -104.9903, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_XCIMER_FUND", "ALT_XCIMER_ROADMAP", "ALT_XCIMER_DOE", "ALT_XCIMER_FAQ", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "xcimer_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "xcimer_site_01", "entity_id": "xcimer", "name": "Denver headquarters and development", "role": "r_and_d", "status": "operating", "city": "Denver", "region": "Colorado", "country": "United States", "lat": 39.7392, "lon": -104.9903, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_XCIMER_FAQ" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "xcimer_site_01", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "R and d" }, { "id": "xcimer_site_02", "entity_id": "xcimer", "name": "Tucson manufacturing", "role": "manufacturing", "status": "operating", "city": "Tucson", "region": "Arizona", "country": "United States", "lat": 32.2226, "lon": -110.9747, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_XCIMER_FAQ" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "xcimer_site_02", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "hexagon", "role_label": "Manufacturing" }, { "id": "focused_energy_office", "entity_id": "focused_energy", "name": "Focused Energy headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Darmstadt", "region": "Hesse", "country": "Germany", "lat": 49.8728, "lon": 8.6512, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FOCUSED_FUND", "ALT_FOCUSED_TECH", "ALT_FOCUSED_EXP", "ALT_FOCUSED_ROADMAP", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "focused_energy_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "focused_energy_site_01", "entity_id": "focused_energy", "name": "Biblis development / proposed fusion site", "role": "planned_plant_and_laser_development", "status": "announced", "city": "Biblis", "region": "Hesse", "country": "Germany", "lat": 49.6917, "lon": 8.4586, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FOCUSED_FUND", "ALT_FOCUSED_ROADMAP" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "focused_energy_site_01", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "outlined_diamond", "role_label": "Planned plant and laser development" }, { "id": "focused_energy_site_02", "entity_id": "focused_energy", "name": "US office", "role": "office", "status": "listed", "city": "San Francisco", "region": "California", "country": "United States", "lat": 37.7749, "lon": -122.4194, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FOCUSED_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "focused_energy_site_02", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Office" }, { "id": "focused_energy_site_03", "entity_id": "focused_energy", "name": "US office", "role": "office", "status": "listed", "city": "Austin", "region": "Texas", "country": "United States", "lat": 30.2672, "lon": -97.7431, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FOCUSED_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "focused_energy_site_03", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Office" }, { "id": "general_fusion_office", "entity_id": "general_fusion", "name": "General Fusion headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Richmond", "region": "British Columbia", "country": "Canada", "lat": 49.1666, "lon": -123.1336, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_GENERAL_TEMP", "ALT_GENERAL_LIST", "ALT_GENERAL_PATH", "ALT_GENERAL_LOC", "ALT_GENERAL_PAPER", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "general_fusion_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "general_fusion_site_01", "entity_id": "general_fusion", "name": "LM26 and headquarters", "role": "experimental_demo", "status": "operating", "city": "Richmond", "region": "British Columbia", "country": "Canada", "lat": 49.1666, "lon": -123.1336, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_GENERAL_TEMP", "ALT_GENERAL_LOC" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "general_fusion_site_01", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Experimental demo" }, { "id": "zap_energy_office", "entity_id": "zap_energy", "name": "Zap Energy headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Everett", "region": "Washington", "country": "United States", "lat": 47.979, "lon": -122.2021, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_ZAP_FUND", "ALT_ZAP_PRESSURE", "ALT_ZAP_STRATEGY", "ALT_ZAP_LOC", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "zap_energy_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "zap_energy_site_01", "entity_id": "zap_energy", "name": "Everett R&D", "role": "r_and_d", "status": "operating", "city": "Everett", "region": "Washington", "country": "United States", "lat": 47.979, "lon": -122.2021, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_ZAP_LOC" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "zap_energy_site_01", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "R and d" }, { "id": "first_light_office", "entity_id": "first_light", "name": "First Light Fusion headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Yarnton", "region": "Oxfordshire", "country": "United Kingdom", "lat": 51.8076, "lon": -1.3122, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_FUND", "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TEST", "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "first_light_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "first_light_site_01", "entity_id": "first_light", "name": "M3 and Oxfordshire headquarters", "role": "r_and_d", "status": "operating", "city": "Yarnton", "region": "Oxfordshire", "country": "United Kingdom", "lat": 51.8076, "lon": -1.3122, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_FUND", "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TEST" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "first_light_site_01", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "R and d" }, { "id": "marvel_fusion_office", "entity_id": "marvel_fusion", "name": "Marvel Fusion headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Munich", "region": "Bavaria", "country": "Germany", "lat": 48.1351, "lon": 11.582, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_FUND", "ALT_MARVEL_TECH", "ALT_MARVEL_SITE", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "marvel_fusion_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "marvel_fusion_site_01", "entity_id": "marvel_fusion", "name": "ATLAS at Colorado State University", "role": "laser_demo", "status": "under_development", "city": "Fort Collins", "region": "Colorado", "country": "United States", "lat": 40.5853, "lon": -105.0844, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_TECH", "ALT_MARVEL_SITE" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "marvel_fusion_site_01", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Laser demo" }, { "id": "marvel_fusion_site_02", "entity_id": "marvel_fusion", "name": "CALA partner research", "role": "partner_experimental_site", "status": "operating", "city": "Garching", "region": "Bavaria", "country": "Germany", "lat": 48.2495, "lon": 11.651, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "marvel_fusion_site_02", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Partner experimental site" }, { "id": "avalanche_energy_office", "entity_id": "avalanche_energy", "name": "Avalanche Energy headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Seattle", "region": "Washington", "country": "United States", "lat": 47.6062, "lon": -122.3321, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND", "ALT_AVALANCHE_TECH", "ALT_AVALANCHE_GRANT", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "avalanche_energy_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "avalanche_energy_site_01", "entity_id": "avalanche_energy", "name": "FusionWERX", "role": "commercial_test_facility", "status": "buildout_and_licensing", "city": "Richland", "region": "Washington", "country": "United States", "lat": 46.2857, "lon": -119.2845, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND", "ALT_AVALANCHE_GRANT" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "avalanche_energy_site_01", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "hexagon", "role_label": "Commercial test facility" }, { "id": "ex_fusion_office", "entity_id": "ex_fusion", "name": "EX-Fusion headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Suita", "region": "Osaka", "country": "Japan", "lat": 34.7594, "lon": 135.5169, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_EXFUSION_A", "ALT_EXFUSION_EXT", "ALT_EXFUSION_TEST", "ALT_EXFUSION_LOC", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "ex_fusion_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "ex_fusion_site_01", "entity_id": "ex_fusion", "name": "Hamamatsu development facility", "role": "r_and_d", "status": "operating", "city": "Hamamatsu", "region": "Shizuoka", "country": "Japan", "lat": 34.7108, "lon": 137.7261, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_EXFUSION_TEST", "ALT_EXFUSION_LOC" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "ex_fusion_site_01", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "R and d" }, { "id": "hb11_office", "entity_id": "hb11", "name": "HB11 Energy headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Sydney", "region": "New South Wales", "country": "Australia", "lat": -33.8688, "lon": 151.2093, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_HB11_TECH", "ALT_HB11_PAPER", "ALT_HB11_PROJECT" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "hb11_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "fuse_office", "entity_id": "fuse", "name": "Fuse Energy Technologies headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "San Leandro", "region": "California", "country": "United States", "lat": 37.7249, "lon": -122.1561, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FUSE_TEST", "ALT_FUSE_CONCEPT", "ALT_FUSE_HOME", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "fuse_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "fuse_site_01", "entity_id": "fuse", "name": "San Leandro experimental systems", "role": "r_and_d_and_testing", "status": "operating", "city": "San Leandro", "region": "California", "country": "United States", "lat": 37.7249, "lon": -122.1561, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FUSE_TEST", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "fuse_site_01", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "R and d and testing" }, { "id": "fuse_site_02", "entity_id": "fuse", "name": "Albuquerque testing expansion", "role": "radiation_testing", "status": "developing", "city": "Albuquerque", "region": "New Mexico", "country": "United States", "lat": 35.0844, "lon": -106.6504, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city center for visualization; not verified facility coordinates.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "fuse_site_02", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "hexagon", "role_label": "Radiation testing" }, { "id": "startorus_office", "entity_id": "startorus", "name": "Startorus Fusion listed office", "role": "company_office", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Shanghai", "region": "Shanghai", "country": "China", "lat": 31.23, "lon": 121.47, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Company lists Shanghai corporate address and Xian operations; headline HQ designation is not independently established.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS_PLUS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "startorus_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Company office" }, { "id": "startorus_site_01", "entity_id": "startorus", "name": "Jiading experimental base", "role": "experimental_facility", "status": "under_construction", "city": "Shanghai", "region": "Shanghai", "country": "China", "lat": 31.23, "lon": 121.47, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS_PLUS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "startorus_site_01", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Experimental facility" }, { "id": "startorus_site_02", "entity_id": "startorus", "name": "Xian operations", "role": "research_and_manufacturing", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Xian", "region": "Shaanxi", "country": "China", "lat": 34.34, "lon": 108.94, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS_PLUS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "startorus_site_02", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Research and manufacturing" }, { "id": "openstar_office", "entity_id": "openstar", "name": "OpenStar Technologies headquarters / primary location", "role": "headquarters", "status": "listed_location", "city": "Wellington", "region": "Wellington", "country": "New Zealand", "lat": -41.29, "lon": 174.78, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_OPENSTAR_PPPL", "PAR_OPENSTAR_LOAN", "PAR_OPENSTAR_TECH", "PAR_OPENSTAR_TEAM" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "openstar_office", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "circle", "role_label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "openstar_site_01", "entity_id": "openstar", "name": "Junior experimental programme", "role": "experimental_facility", "status": "prototype_operating", "city": "Wellington", "region": "Wellington", "country": "New Zealand", "lat": -41.29, "lon": 174.78, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_OPENSTAR_PPPL", "PAR_OPENSTAR_TEAM" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "openstar_site_01", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Experimental facility" }, { "id": "nif_site_00", "entity_id": "nif", "name": "National Ignition Facility", "role": "public_research_facility", "status": "operating", "city": "Livermore", "region": "California", "country": "United States", "lat": 37.68, "lon": -121.77, "coordinate_precision": "approximate_city_or_research_area", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Editorial approximate map position, not surveyed facility location", "source_ids": [ "PHY_009", "PHY_010", "PHY_011" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "nif_site_00", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Public research facility" }, { "id": "jet_site_00", "entity_id": "jet", "name": "Joint European Torus", "role": "public_research_facility", "status": "scientific_operations_ended", "city": "Culham", "region": "Oxfordshire", "country": "United Kingdom", "lat": 51.66, "lon": -1.23, "coordinate_precision": "approximate_city_or_research_area", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Editorial approximate map position, not surveyed facility location", "source_ids": [ "PHY_013", "PHY_014", "PHY_020" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "jet_site_00", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Public research facility" }, { "id": "w7x_site_00", "entity_id": "w7x", "name": "Wendelstein 7-X", "role": "public_research_facility", "status": "operating", "city": "Greifswald", "region": "Mecklenburg-Vorpommern", "country": "Germany", "lat": 54.09, "lon": 13.39, "coordinate_precision": "approximate_city_or_research_area", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Editorial approximate map position, not surveyed facility location", "source_ids": [ "PHY_015" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "w7x_site_00", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Public research facility" }, { "id": "east_site_00", "entity_id": "east", "name": "EAST", "role": "public_research_facility", "status": "operating", "city": "Hefei", "region": "Anhui", "country": "China", "lat": 31.82, "lon": 117.23, "coordinate_precision": "approximate_city_or_research_area", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Editorial approximate map position, not surveyed facility location", "source_ids": [ "PHY_016" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "east_site_00", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Public research facility" }, { "id": "kstar_site_00", "entity_id": "kstar", "name": "KSTAR", "role": "public_research_facility", "status": "operating", "city": "Daejeon", "region": null, "country": "South Korea", "lat": 36.35, "lon": 127.38, "coordinate_precision": "approximate_city_or_research_area", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Editorial approximate map position, not surveyed facility location", "source_ids": [ "PHY_017" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "kstar_site_00", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Public research facility" }, { "id": "west_site_00", "entity_id": "west", "name": "WEST", "role": "public_research_facility", "status": "operating", "city": "Saint-Paul-lez-Durance", "region": "Provence", "country": "France", "lat": 43.71, "lon": 5.76, "coordinate_precision": "approximate_city_or_research_area", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Editorial approximate map position, not surveyed facility location", "source_ids": [ "PHY_018" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "west_site_00", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Public research facility" }, { "id": "iter_site_00", "entity_id": "iter", "name": "ITER", "role": "public_research_facility", "status": "under_construction", "city": "Saint-Paul-lez-Durance", "region": "Provence", "country": "France", "lat": 43.71, "lon": 5.76, "coordinate_precision": "approximate_city_or_research_area", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Editorial approximate map position, not surveyed facility location", "source_ids": [ "PHY_019", "PHY_020", "PHY_021" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "iter_site_00", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Public research facility" }, { "id": "jt60sa_site_00", "entity_id": "jt60sa", "name": "JT-60SA", "role": "public_research_facility", "status": "first_plasma_demonstrated", "city": "Naka", "region": "Ibaraki", "country": "Japan", "lat": 36.46, "lon": 140.49, "coordinate_precision": "approximate_city_or_research_area", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Editorial approximate map position, not surveyed facility location", "source_ids": [ "PHY_026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "jt60sa_site_00", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Public research facility" }, { "id": "ifmif_dones_site_00", "entity_id": "ifmif_dones", "name": "IFMIF-DONES", "role": "enabling_facility", "status": "under_construction", "city": "Escuzar", "region": "Granada", "country": "Spain", "lat": 37.06, "lon": -3.76, "coordinate_precision": "approximate_city_or_research_area", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Editorial approximate map position, not surveyed facility location", "source_ids": [ "PHY_024", "PHY_025" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "ifmif_dones_site_00", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "hexagon", "role_label": "Enabling facility" }, { "id": "sandia_z_site_00", "entity_id": "sandia_z", "name": "Sandia Z and MagLIF", "role": "public_research_facility", "status": "research_facility", "city": "Albuquerque", "region": "New Mexico", "country": "United States", "lat": 35.08, "lon": -106.65, "coordinate_precision": "approximate_city_or_research_area", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Editorial approximate map position, not surveyed facility location", "source_ids": [ "PHY_033" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "sandia_z_site_00", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Public research facility" }, { "id": "omega_site_00", "entity_id": "omega", "name": "OMEGA", "role": "public_research_facility", "status": "research_facility", "city": "Rochester", "region": "New York", "country": "United States", "lat": 43.16, "lon": -77.61, "coordinate_precision": "approximate_city_or_research_area", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Editorial approximate map position, not surveyed facility location", "source_ids": [ "PHY_034" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "omega_site_00", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Public research facility" }, { "id": "wham_site_00", "entity_id": "wham", "name": "WHAM", "role": "public_research_facility", "status": "scientific_operation", "city": "Stoughton", "region": "Wisconsin", "country": "United States", "lat": 42.92, "lon": -89.22, "coordinate_precision": "approximate_city_or_research_area", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Editorial approximate map position, not surveyed facility location", "source_ids": [ "PHY_035", "MAG_REALTA_WHAM" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "related_entity_ids": [ "realta" ], "physical_site_id": "wham_site_00", "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Public research facility" }, { "id": "step_site_00", "entity_id": "step", "name": "STEP", "role": "planned_public_pilot", "status": "development_and_site_preparation", "city": "West Burton", "region": "Nottinghamshire", "country": "United Kingdom", "lat": 53.36, "lon": -0.8, "coordinate_precision": "locality", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_STEP_STRATEGY", "PAR_UK_STRATEGY", "PAR_STEP_PARTNERS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "step_site_00", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "outlined_diamond", "role_label": "Planned public pilot" }, { "id": "best_site_00", "entity_id": "best", "name": "BEST", "role": "public_research_facility", "status": "under_construction", "city": "Hefei", "region": "Anhui", "country": "China", "lat": 31.82, "lon": 117.23, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_BEST_PLAN", "PAR_F4E_REPORT" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "best_site_00", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Public research facility" }, { "id": "craft_site_00", "entity_id": "craft", "name": "CRAFT", "role": "enabling_facility", "status": "engineering_test_infrastructure", "city": "Hefei", "region": "Anhui", "country": "China", "lat": 31.82, "lon": 117.23, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_F4E_REPORT" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "craft_site_00", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "hexagon", "role_label": "Enabling facility" }, { "id": "typeone_infinity_one", "entity_id": "type_one", "name": "Infinity One at TVA Bull Run", "role": "experiment", "status": "planned", "city": "Clinton", "region": "Tennessee", "country": "United States", "lat": 36.1, "lon": -84.13, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TYPEONE_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "tva_bull_run", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "square", "role_label": "Experiment" }, { "id": "typeone_infinity_two", "entity_id": "type_one", "name": "Infinity Two at TVA Bull Run", "role": "planned_power_plant", "status": "planned", "city": "Clinton", "region": "Tennessee", "country": "United States", "lat": 36.1, "lon": -84.13, "coordinate_precision": "city", "approximate": true, "coordinate_note": "Approximate city or locality coordinate for navigation; not a surveyed facility boundary.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TYPEONE_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "physical_site_id": "tva_bull_run", "related_entity_ids": [], "marker_shape": "outlined_diamond", "role_label": "Planned power plant" } ], "claims": [ { "id": "cfs_evidence_01", "entity_id": "cfs", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Large-bore HTS magnet reached 20 T; this is a component milestone.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_component", "timing": { "display": "2021", "role": "event_date", "precision": "year", "date": "2021", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_CFS_MAGNET" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "cfs_target_01", "entity_id": "cfs", "category": "target", "claim": "SPARC plasma Q > 1.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2027", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2027", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_CFS_SPARC" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "metric": "plasma_Q", "value": 1, "operator": ">" } }, { "id": "cfs_target_02", "entity_id": "cfs", "category": "target", "claim": "ARC approximately 400 MW delivered to grid.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "early 2030s", "role": "target_window", "precision": "range", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "Preserve the source wording; do not convert it into a precise promised deadline." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_CFS_ARC" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "metric": "grid_electric_output_MW", "value": 400, "output_boundary": "grid-delivered; source does not separately itemize gross and net" } }, { "id": "helion_evidence_01", "entity_id": "helion", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Company reported D-T fusion in Polaris and 150 million °C plasma temperature.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_plasma", "timing": { "display": "2026-01", "role": "event_date", "precision": "month", "date": "2026-01", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELION_POLARIS_RESULTS" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {}, "reported_at": "2026-02-13" }, { "id": "helion_target_01", "entity_id": "helion", "category": "target", "claim": "Polaris aims to put a portion of fusion-origin energy into capacitor-bank electricity; the earlier net-electricity formulation has been discontinued.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "target_window", "precision": "not_specified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELION_POLARIS" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "metric": "fusion_origin_electricity_to_capacitor_bank", "output_boundary": "subsystem; not net plant" } }, { "id": "helion_target_02", "entity_id": "helion", "category": "target", "claim": "Orion initial operations, associated with a 50 MW Microsoft commitment.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2028", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2028", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELION_ORION" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "metric": "electricity_supply_commitment_MW", "value": 50, "output_boundary": "customer commitment, not demonstrated output" } }, { "id": "tae_evidence_01", "entity_id": "tae", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Neutral-beam injection formed field-reversed configurations from seed plasmas in approximately 10 ms.", "evidence_type": "peer_reviewed_experiment", "timing": { "display": "2025-04-12", "role": "publication_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-04-12", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_NATURE" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "tae_evidence_02", "entity_id": "tae", "category": "organization_event", "claim": "Company removed Copernicus from its roadmap; this is a programme change, not achieved gain.", "evidence_type": "company_programme_change", "timing": { "display": "2025-11-17", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-11-17", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_ROADMAP" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "tae_target_01", "entity_id": "tae", "category": "target", "claim": "August release targets Da Vinci 50 MWe operations in 2031. Later filing sequencing could not be fully reconciled; do not label this a confirmed grid date.", "evidence_type": "dated_company_target_with_uncertainty", "timing": { "display": "2031", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2031", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_HE3", "MAG_TAE_MERGER" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "metric": "electric_output_MW", "value": 50, "output_boundary": "MWe; gross/net unspecified in release", "announced_at": "2026-08-05", "current_target_confidence": "uncertain" } }, { "id": "tokamak_energy_evidence_01", "entity_id": "tokamak_energy", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "ST40 exceeded 100 million °C ion temperature; not a gain or electricity milestone.", "evidence_type": "company_report_of_peer_reviewed_result", "timing": { "display": "2022", "role": "event_date", "precision": "year", "date": "2022", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TE_ST40" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "tokamak_energy_evidence_02", "entity_id": "tokamak_energy", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Demo4 magnet campaign reached 13.7 T; approximately 10,000 hours covered varying energized conditions.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_component", "timing": { "display": "2026-09-09", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-09-09", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TE_DEMO4" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "tokamak_energy_target_01", "entity_id": "tokamak_energy", "category": "target", "claim": "U.S. D-T pilot design targets 800 MW fusion power and 85 MW net electricity in the 2030s.", "evidence_type": "company_design_target", "timing": { "display": "2030s", "role": "target_window", "precision": "range", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TE_US" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "metric": "net_electric_output_MW", "value": 85, "output_boundary": "net electric, design" } }, { "id": "type_one_evidence_01", "entity_id": "type_one", "category": "model_or_design", "claim": "Infinity Two physics and engineering designs have been published; no operating company-scale burning plasma is established.", "evidence_type": "design_stage", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "undated_live_page", "precision": "not_specified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TYPEONE_TECH" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "type_one_target_01", "entity_id": "type_one", "category": "target", "claim": "Commission Infinity One engineering verification platform.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2029", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2029", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TYPEONE_TECH" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "type_one_target_02", "entity_id": "type_one", "category": "target", "claim": "Infinity Two design: 800 MW fusion power and 400 MWe grid output.", "evidence_type": "company_design_target", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "target_window", "precision": "not_specified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TYPEONE_TECH" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "metric": "grid_electric_output_MW", "value": 400, "output_boundary": "grid output, design" } }, { "id": "type_one_target_03", "entity_id": "type_one", "category": "target", "claim": "Company survey target for first grid power.", "evidence_type": "company_survey_target", "timing": { "display": "2034", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2034", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "proxima_evidence_01", "entity_id": "proxima", "category": "model_or_design", "claim": "Published an integrated Stellaris plant concept; this is design evidence, not achieved plasma gain.", "evidence_type": "company_report_of_peer_reviewed_design", "timing": { "display": "2025-02-26", "role": "publication_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-02-26", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_PROXIMA_PAPER" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "proxima_target_01", "entity_id": "proxima", "category": "target", "claim": "Demonstrate an HTS stellarator model coil.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2027", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2027", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_PROXIMA_PAPER" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "proxima_target_02", "entity_id": "proxima", "category": "target", "claim": "Alpha plasma Q > 1.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "early 2030s", "role": "target_window", "precision": "range", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "Preserve the source wording; do not convert it into a precise promised deadline." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_PROXIMA_ALPHA" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "metric": "plasma_Q", "value": 1, "operator": ">" } }, { "id": "proxima_target_03", "entity_id": "proxima", "category": "target", "claim": "Stellaris electricity delivery.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2030s", "role": "target_window", "precision": "range", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_PROXIMA_STELLARIS" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "output_boundary": "grid electricity; numerical output not asserted here" } }, { "id": "thea_evidence_01", "entity_id": "thea", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Canis nine-coil array controlled stellarator-relevant fields to within 1% of prediction at 20 K.", "evidence_type": "preprint_component_experiment", "timing": { "display": "2025-03-19", "role": "publication_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-03-19", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_THEA_CANIS" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "thea_target_01", "entity_id": "thea", "category": "target", "claim": "Build Eos as an integrated D-D stellarator; published performance values are targets.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "target_window", "precision": "not_specified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_THEA_EOS" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "thea_target_02", "entity_id": "thea", "category": "target", "claim": "Helios preconceptual design: 1.1 GW thermal and 390 MW net electric power.", "evidence_type": "preprint_design_target", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "target_window", "precision": "not_specified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_THEA_HELIOS" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "metric": "net_electric_output_MW", "value": 390, "output_boundary": "net electric, modeled" } }, { "id": "thea_target_03", "entity_id": "thea", "category": "target", "claim": "Begin Helios construction by the end of the decade.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "by the end of the 2020s", "role": "target_window", "precision": "decade_boundary", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "Preserve the source wording; do not convert it into a precise promised deadline." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_THEA_FUND" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "is_construction_start_not_first_power": true } }, { "id": "renaissance_evidence_01", "entity_id": "renaissance", "category": "engineering_progress", "claim": "Company reports ongoing HTS manufacturing and component-development work; no integrated fusion gain established.", "evidence_type": "component_development", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "not_specified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_RENAISSANCE_NEWS" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "renaissance_target_01", "entity_id": "renaissance", "category": "target", "claim": "Integrate patterned magnets and liquid-metal walls into a stellarator power system; no verified current first-electricity date adopted here.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "target_window", "precision": "not_specified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_RENAISSANCE_TECH" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "realta_evidence_01", "entity_id": "realta", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "WHAM first plasma with high-field mirror end magnets.", "evidence_type": "institution_reported_plasma", "timing": { "display": "2024-07", "role": "event_date", "precision": "month", "date": "2024-07", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_REALTA_WHAM" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "realta_evidence_02", "entity_id": "realta", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Electrostatic converter recovered mostly supplied plasma-heating energy; not net fusion electricity.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_energy_recovery", "timing": { "display": "2026-06-19", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-06-19", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_REALTA_DEC" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "metric": "input_energy_recovery", "output_boundary": "converter subsystem" } }, { "id": "realta_target_01", "entity_id": "realta", "category": "target", "claim": "Commercial pilot plant.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "mid-2030s", "role": "target_window", "precision": "range", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "Preserve the source wording; do not convert it into a precise promised deadline." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_REALTA_TIMELINE" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "energy_singularity_evidence_01", "entity_id": "energy_singularity", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "HH70 first plasma.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_plasma", "timing": { "display": "2024-06", "role": "event_date", "precision": "month", "date": "2024-06", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_ES_DEVICES" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "energy_singularity_evidence_02", "entity_id": "energy_singularity", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "HH70 1,337-second discharge; duration does not establish fusion gain.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_plasma", "timing": { "display": "2026-02-02", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-02-02", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_ES_PULSE" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "energy_singularity_evidence_03", "entity_id": "energy_singularity", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Small test magnet reached 26.7 T; winding inner diameter 30 mm.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_component", "timing": { "display": "2026-06-17", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-06-17", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_ES_MAGNET" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "energy_singularity_target_01", "entity_id": "energy_singularity", "category": "target", "claim": "HH170 equivalent Q above two; this is not a claim of measured D-T Q.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "target_window", "precision": "not_specified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_ES_DEVICES" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "metric": "equivalent_plasma_Q", "value": 2, "operator": ">" } }, { "id": "kyoto_fusioneering_evidence_01", "entity_id": "kyoto_fusioneering", "category": "engineering_progress", "claim": "UNITY engineering programme develops integrated heat-transfer and fuel-cycle testing; do not label externally heated tests as net fusion electricity.", "evidence_type": "engineering_programme", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "not_specified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_KYOTO_FUND" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "kyoto_fusioneering_target_01", "entity_id": "kyoto_fusioneering", "category": "target", "claim": "Supply validated plant engineering systems to multiple fusion developers.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "target_window", "precision": "not_specified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_KYOTO_FUND" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "nt_tao_evidence_01", "entity_id": "nt_tao", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Company reported 1.5 million °C plasma and deployed a 50 MW pulsed INPUT-power subsystem.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_plasma_and_component", "timing": { "display": "2026-09-15", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-09-15", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_NTTAO_POWER" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "metric": "pulsed_input_power_MW", "value": 50, "output_boundary": "input electrical power, not fusion output" } }, { "id": "nt_tao_target_01", "entity_id": "nt_tao", "category": "target", "claim": "Pilot plant.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "early 2030s", "role": "target_window", "precision": "range", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "Preserve the source wording; do not convert it into a precise promised deadline." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_NTTAO_FAQ" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "nt_tao_target_02", "entity_id": "nt_tao", "category": "target", "claim": "Tao Energy Box design objective of 20 MWe.", "evidence_type": "company_design_target", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "target_window", "precision": "not_specified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_NTTAO_TECH" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "metric": "electric_output_MW", "value": 20, "output_boundary": "MWe; net/gross unspecified" } }, { "id": "helical_fusion_evidence_01", "entity_id": "helical_fusion", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Company reported HTS cable testing and completed a dedicated coil manufacturing machine.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_component", "timing": { "display": "2026-02-05", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-02-05", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELICAL_MANUFACTURE" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "helical_fusion_target_01", "entity_id": "helical_fusion", "category": "target", "claim": "HARUKA integrated demonstration; precedes KANATA.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2030s", "role": "target_window", "precision": "decade", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_JP", "MAG_HELICAL_MANUFACTURE" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "helical_fusion_target_02", "entity_id": "helical_fusion", "category": "target", "claim": "KANATA net electricity after HARUKA.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2030s", "role": "target_window", "precision": "decade", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_JP", "MAG_HELICAL_MANUFACTURE" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "output_boundary": "net plant electricity target" } }, { "id": "inertia_evidence_01", "entity_id": "inertia", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Company and LLNL report producing DT fuel layers in two to three hours and measuring their roughness; acceptable fusion performance is supported by simulations, not a demonstrated integrated power-plant target shot.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_component_test", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "undated_live_page", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_FUELING" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "inertia_evidence_02", "entity_id": "inertia", "category": "model_or_design", "claim": "Target performance modeled with ignition-benchmarked codes; predicted gain approximately 26–43 from 10 MJ laser energy, not experimental yield.", "evidence_type": "modeled_result", "timing": { "display": "2026-09-17", "role": "publication_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-09-17", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_PAPER", "ALT_INERTIA_MODEL" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "predicted_gain_min": 26, "predicted_gain_max": 43, "is_experimental_measurement": false } }, { "id": "inertia_evidence_03", "entity_id": "inertia", "category": "predecessor_evidence", "claim": "NIF ignition is predecessor evidence, not an experiment performed by the company.", "evidence_type": "predecessor_result", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "not_applicable", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_FUND" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "attributable_to_company": false } }, { "id": "inertia_target_01", "entity_id": "inertia", "category": "target", "claim": "Thunderwall unit beamline target: 10 kJ at 10 Hz with 10% wall-plug efficiency.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "target_window", "precision": "unspecified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_FUND" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "inertia_target_02", "entity_id": "inertia", "category": "target", "claim": "Full-system design goal 10 MJ at 10 Hz and target production below $1 each; nominal plant 1.5 GW.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "target_window", "precision": "unspecified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_HOME" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "inertia_target_03", "entity_id": "inertia", "category": "target", "claim": "Pilot and engineering-gain timing declared in 2026 survey: 2037–2040.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2037/2040", "role": "target_window", "precision": "range", "date": null, "start_year": 2037, "end_year": 2040, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "pacific_fusion_evidence_01", "entity_id": "pacific_fusion", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Scaled pulser prototype achieved approximately 440 GW peak electrical power with 80 ns pulse duration;>1000 qualification shots.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_component_test", "timing": { "display": "2026-06-02", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-06-02", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_PACIFIC_MODULE" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "pacific_fusion_evidence_02", "entity_id": "pacific_fusion", "category": "engineering_progress", "claim": "Albuquerque demonstration-campus construction broke ground.", "evidence_type": "construction_milestone", "timing": { "display": "2026-08-24", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-08-24", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_PACIFIC_SITE" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "pacific_fusion_target_01", "entity_id": "pacific_fusion", "category": "target", "claim": "Demonstration System targets fusion output greater than total initially stored machine energy by 2030. This is not a net-electric definition.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2030", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2030", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_PACIFIC_SITE" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "gain_boundary": "fusion_energy/initial_stored_electrical_energy" } }, { "id": "xcimer_evidence_01", "entity_id": "xcimer", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Phoenix prototype laser began operation and DOE accepted an Athena preconceptual-design/roadmap milestone. These are component and design milestones.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_component_and_review", "timing": { "display": "2026-06-10", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-06-10", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_XCIMER_DOE" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "xcimer_target_01", "entity_id": "xcimer", "category": "target", "claim": "Anvil beamline demonstration target 200 kJ.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2028", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2028", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_XCIMER_ROADMAP" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "xcimer_target_02", "entity_id": "xcimer", "category": "target", "claim": "Vulcan aims for wall-plug breakeven by 2031, explicitly defined by the company as producing more electricity than all the electricity consumed to operate the system.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2031", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2031", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_XCIMER_ROADMAP", "ALT_XCIMER_FAQ" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "gain_boundary": "net_electricity_whole_system_company_defined" } }, { "id": "xcimer_target_03", "entity_id": "xcimer", "category": "target", "claim": "Athena aims to deliver 400 MW of electricity to the grid in 2035.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2035", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2035", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_XCIMER_ROADMAP", "ALT_XCIMER_FAQ" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "net_grid_MW": 400 } }, { "id": "focused_energy_evidence_01", "entity_id": "focused_energy", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Reported completion of DOE milestones: a target-design report and a proton-focusing experimental campaign; no target-gain demonstration.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_component_and_review", "timing": { "display": "2024-11-14", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2024-11-14", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FOCUSED_EXP" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "focused_energy_target_01", "entity_id": "focused_energy", "category": "target", "claim": "First laser at Biblis.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2028", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2028", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FOCUSED_ROADMAP" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "focused_energy_target_02", "entity_id": "focused_energy", "category": "target", "claim": "Pilot plant.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2035", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2035", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FOCUSED_ROADMAP" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "focused_energy_target_03", "entity_id": "focused_energy", "category": "target", "claim": "First grid megawatt-hour.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2037", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2037", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FOCUSED_ROADMAP" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "general_fusion_evidence_01", "entity_id": "general_fusion", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "LM26 electron temperature around 1.1 keV by Thomson scattering and 1.2 keV by AXUV; ion temperature inferred near 0.46 keV. Heating result, not Lawson/gain.", "evidence_type": "joint_institution_company_measurement", "timing": { "display": "2026-10-08", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-10-08", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_GENERAL_TEMP" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "general_fusion_evidence_02", "entity_id": "general_fusion", "category": "organization_event", "claim": "Nasdaq GFUZ trading began after completed business combination.", "evidence_type": "corporate_event", "timing": { "display": "2026-07-13", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-07-13", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_GENERAL_LIST" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "general_fusion_target_01", "entity_id": "general_fusion", "category": "target", "claim": "Next LM26 milestones 10 keV then Lawson-equivalent conditions; the surrogate-fuel experiment does not itself demonstrate DT power gain.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2028", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2028", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_GENERAL_TEMP", "ALT_GENERAL_PATH", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "general_fusion_target_02", "entity_id": "general_fusion", "category": "target", "claim": "First-of-a-kind plant initial operation approximately 2035.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2035", "role": "target_window", "precision": "approximate_year", "date": "2035", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_GENERAL_PATH" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "zap_energy_evidence_01", "entity_id": "zap_energy", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "FuZE-3 measured peak electron pressure 830 MPa; total 1.6 GPa is inferred using near-equal ion/electron temperature, over ~1 microsecond.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_preliminary_experiment", "timing": { "display": "2025-11-17", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-11-17", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_ZAP_PRESSURE" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "zap_energy_evidence_02", "entity_id": "zap_energy", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Century repeated hydrogen plasma pulses into a liquid-metal-lined chamber; it is not a fusion-energy-output experiment.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_engineering_test", "timing": { "display": "2024-10-09", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2024-10-09", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_ZAP_FUND" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "zap_energy_evidence_03", "entity_id": "zap_energy", "category": "organization_event", "claim": "Company announced fission/hybrid development alongside ongoing fusion.", "evidence_type": "corporate_strategy", "timing": { "display": "2026-04-29", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-04-29", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_ZAP_STRATEGY" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "zap_energy_target_01", "entity_id": "zap_energy", "category": "target", "claim": "Fusion pilot timing: late 2030s; net 50 MWe/module is design intent.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2037/2039", "role": "target_window", "precision": "decade_part", "date": null, "start_year": 2037, "end_year": 2039, "note": "Preserve the source wording; do not convert it into a precise promised deadline." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "first_light_evidence_01", "entity_id": "first_light", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "M3 experiments tested the compression principle; release explicitly says they were not designed to demonstrate ignition or fusion gain.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_component_test", "timing": { "display": "2026-09-22", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-09-22", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TEST" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "first_light_target_01", "entity_id": "first_light", "category": "model_or_design", "claim": "FLARE modeled target gain around 1000; this is a design calculation with no corresponding demonstrated gain.", "evidence_type": "company_model", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "undated_live_page", "precision": "unspecified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "is_experimental_measurement": false } }, { "id": "first_light_target_02", "entity_id": "first_light", "category": "target", "claim": "Pilot timing in 2026 survey: late 2030s.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2037/2039", "role": "target_window", "precision": "decade_part", "date": null, "start_year": 2037, "end_year": 2039, "note": "Preserve the source wording; do not convert it into a precise promised deadline." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "marvel_fusion_evidence_01", "entity_id": "marvel_fusion", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "CALA/ELI-NP proof-of-concept is described by the company as component validation; not target gain.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_component_test", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "unspecified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_TECH" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "marvel_fusion_evidence_02", "entity_id": "marvel_fusion", "category": "organization_event", "claim": "Colorado/Siemens Energy LOI signed; supports cooperation, not completed deployment.", "evidence_type": "agreement", "timing": { "display": "2026-08-12", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-08-12", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_SITE" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "marvel_fusion_target_01", "entity_id": "marvel_fusion", "category": "target", "claim": "ATLAS infrastructure ready.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "end 2026", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year_part", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "Preserve the source wording; do not convert it into a precise promised deadline." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_TECH", "ALT_MARVEL_SITE" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "marvel_fusion_target_02", "entity_id": "marvel_fusion", "category": "target", "claim": "ATLAS first laser.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "early 2027", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year_part", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "Preserve the source wording; do not convert it into a precise promised deadline." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_TECH", "ALT_MARVEL_SITE" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "marvel_fusion_target_03", "entity_id": "marvel_fusion", "category": "target", "claim": "Target ignition.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2032", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2032", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_TECH" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "marvel_fusion_target_04", "entity_id": "marvel_fusion", "category": "target", "claim": "Engineering gain; preserve the company definition when available.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2035", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2035", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_TECH" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "marvel_fusion_target_05", "entity_id": "marvel_fusion", "category": "target", "claim": "Grid electricity.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2036", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2036", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_TECH" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "avalanche_energy_evidence_01", "entity_id": "avalanche_energy", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Reported compact-device 300 kV high-voltage operation and published component/confinement papers; not demonstrated net energy.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_component_test", "timing": { "display": "2026-02-03", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-02-03", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "avalanche_energy_target_01", "entity_id": "avalanche_energy", "category": "target", "claim": "FusionWERX broad-scope tritium-capable licensed operation; a proposed host for a D-T Q > 1 test programme, not a promise of gain in that year.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2027", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2027", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "avalanche_energy_target_02", "entity_id": "avalanche_energy", "category": "target", "claim": "Survey forecast for scientific/engineering gain; definitions not harmonized.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2029", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2029", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "avalanche_energy_target_03", "entity_id": "avalanche_energy", "category": "target", "claim": "Survey forecast for pilot operation.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2030", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2030", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "ex_fusion_evidence_01", "entity_id": "ex_fusion", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Reported 10 Hz continuous irradiation of surrogate targets at Hamamatsu; not 10 Hz fusion ignition.", "evidence_type": "company_reported_component_test", "timing": { "display": "2025-07-01", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-07-01", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_EXFUSION_TEST" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "ex_fusion_target_01", "entity_id": "ex_fusion", "category": "target", "claim": "One hour of continuous neutron generation is a fiscal 2027 development target.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "FY2027", "role": "target_window", "precision": "fiscal_year", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_EXFUSION_A", "ALT_EXFUSION_EXT" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "ex_fusion_target_02", "entity_id": "ex_fusion", "category": "target", "claim": "Electricity demonstration in the 2030s is a company goal, not an operating system.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2030/2039", "role": "target_window", "precision": "decade", "date": null, "start_year": 2030, "end_year": 2039, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "hb11_evidence_01", "entity_id": "hb11", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Peer-reviewed collaborating LFEX work found enhanced alpha-particle yield using confined target geometries; not ignition or net energy.", "evidence_type": "peer_reviewed_experiment", "timing": { "display": "2025-07-18", "role": "publication_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-07-18", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_HB11_PAPER" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "hb11_target_01", "entity_id": "hb11", "category": "target", "claim": "Commercial proton-boron electricity is the goal; no robust dated plant commitment identified in reviewed primary pages.", "evidence_type": "company_aspiration", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "target_window", "precision": "unspecified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_HB11_TECH" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "fuse_evidence_01", "entity_id": "fuse", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "FAETON test campaign with Fifth Gait reported repeated fusion-neutron production for radiation testing.", "evidence_type": "company_partner_experimental_report", "timing": { "display": "2025-04-08", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-04-08", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FUSE_TEST" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "fuse_target_01", "entity_id": "fuse", "category": "target", "claim": "Apeiron I is a future MagLIF energy demonstrator concept; no verified net-electric result or firm date in reviewed page.", "evidence_type": "company_aspiration", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "target_window", "precision": "unspecified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FUSE_CONCEPT" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "startorus_evidence_01", "entity_id": "startorus", "category": "reported_status", "claim": "Reports SUNIST-2 operation and construction of NTST; the source distinguishes these from the future CTRFR-1 design.", "evidence_type": "company_report", "timing": { "display": "2026-05-07", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-05-07", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "startorus_evidence_02", "entity_id": "startorus", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Full-scale HTS toroidal-field magnet energized at 20 K and 4.5 kA.", "evidence_type": "company_subsystem_result", "timing": { "display": "2026-06-11", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-06-11", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PAR_STARTORUS_MAGNET" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "startorus_target_01", "entity_id": "startorus", "category": "target", "claim": "NTST operation at rated parameters.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2027", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2027", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "startorus_target_02", "entity_id": "startorus", "category": "target", "claim": "Equivalent plasma Q greater than one; modeled-fuel equivalence, not a measured D-T result.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "2029/2030", "role": "target_window", "precision": "range", "date": null, "start_year": 2029, "end_year": 2030, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "metric": "equivalent_plasma_Q", "value": 1, "operator": ">" } }, { "id": "startorus_target_03", "entity_id": "startorus", "category": "target", "claim": "Electricity-exporting demonstration facility.", "evidence_type": "company_target", "timing": { "display": "early 2030s", "role": "target_window", "precision": "decade_part", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "Preserve the source wording; do not convert it into a precise promised deadline." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "openstar_evidence_01", "entity_id": "openstar", "category": "engineering_progress", "claim": "Junior prototype fully commissioned according to PPPL partnership announcement.", "evidence_type": "partner_report", "timing": { "display": "2026-09-29", "role": "reported_by", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-09-29", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PAR_OPENSTAR_PPPL" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "openstar_target_01", "entity_id": "openstar", "category": "model_or_design", "claim": "Tama Nui grid-scale plant exists as a published D-T design, not demonstrated output. No precisely dated electricity target is adopted from an undated five-year website claim.", "evidence_type": "published_design", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "undated_live_page", "precision": "unspecified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PAR_OPENSTAR_PPPL", "PAR_OPENSTAR_TECH" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "nif_evidence_01", "entity_id": "nif", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Target gain 4.13 on 2025-04-07", "evidence_type": "institution_reported_experiment", "timing": { "display": "2025-04-07", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-04-07", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_009", "PHY_010", "PHY_011" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "related_record_ids": [ "nif_2025_record" ] } }, { "id": "nif_evidence_02", "entity_id": "nif", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Latest listed ignition 2026-06-20: 7.9 MJ, gain about 3.8", "evidence_type": "institution_reported_experiment", "timing": { "display": "2026-06-20", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-06-20", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_009", "PHY_010", "PHY_011" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "related_record_ids": [ "nif_2026_latest" ] } }, { "id": "jet_evidence_01", "entity_id": "jet", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "1997 peak plasma Q about 0.67", "evidence_type": "institution_reported_experiment", "timing": { "display": "1997", "role": "event_date", "precision": "year", "date": "1997", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_013", "PHY_014", "PHY_020" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "related_record_ids": [ "jet_1997" ] } }, { "id": "jet_evidence_02", "entity_id": "jet", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "2023 final campaign approximately 69 MJ fusion energy", "evidence_type": "institution_reported_experiment", "timing": { "display": "2023-10-03", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2023-10-03", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_013", "PHY_014", "PHY_020" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "related_record_ids": [ "jet_2023" ] } }, { "id": "w7x_evidence_01", "entity_id": "w7x", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "High triple product sustained 43 s in May 2025", "evidence_type": "institution_reported_experiment", "timing": { "display": "2025-05-22", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-05-22", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_015" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "related_record_ids": [ "w7x_2025" ] } }, { "id": "east_evidence_01", "entity_id": "east", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "High-confinement plasma 1,066 s on 2025-01-20", "evidence_type": "institution_reported_experiment", "timing": { "display": "2025-01-20", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-01-20", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_016" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "related_record_ids": [ "east_2025" ] } }, { "id": "kstar_evidence_01", "entity_id": "kstar", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Ion temperature 100 million degrees Celsius for 48 s", "evidence_type": "institution_reported_experiment", "timing": { "display": "2024-02", "role": "campaign_end_month", "precision": "month", "date": "2024-02", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "Campaign ran December 2023–February 2024; source reported March 20, 2024. Do not invent a shot date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_017" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "related_record_ids": [ "kstar_temperature" ] } }, { "id": "kstar_evidence_02", "entity_id": "kstar", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "H-mode 102 s in the same 2023–2024 campaign; do not merge metrics", "evidence_type": "institution_reported_experiment", "timing": { "display": "2024-02", "role": "campaign_end_month", "precision": "month", "date": "2024-02", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "Campaign ran December 2023–February 2024; source reported March 20, 2024. Do not invent a shot date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_017" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "related_record_ids": [ "kstar_hmode" ] } }, { "id": "west_evidence_01", "entity_id": "west", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Hydrogen plasma 1,337 s on 2025-02-12", "evidence_type": "institution_reported_experiment", "timing": { "display": "2025-02-12", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-02-12", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_018" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "related_record_ids": [ "west_2025" ] } }, { "id": "west_evidence_02", "entity_id": "west", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "2.6 GJ external heating injected and extracted", "evidence_type": "institution_reported_experiment", "timing": { "display": "2025-02-12", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-02-12", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_018" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "related_record_ids": [ "west_2025" ] } }, { "id": "iter_target_01", "entity_id": "iter", "category": "target", "claim": "Research operations start; not the D-T phase.", "evidence_type": "program_target", "timing": { "display": "2034", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2034", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_021" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "iter_target_02", "entity_id": "iter", "category": "target", "claim": "Full magnetic energy.", "evidence_type": "program_target", "timing": { "display": "2036", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2036", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_021" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "iter_target_03", "entity_id": "iter", "category": "target", "claim": "Start of D-T phase; not necessarily immediate Q = 10.", "evidence_type": "program_target", "timing": { "display": "2039", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2039", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_021" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "iter_target_04", "entity_id": "iter", "category": "target", "claim": "Design target: 500 MW fusion from 50 MW external plasma heating, plasma Q = 10; no electrical generator.", "evidence_type": "program_target", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "target_window", "precision": "unspecified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_019", "PHY_020" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": { "metric": "plasma_Q", "value": 10 } }, { "id": "jt60sa_evidence_01", "entity_id": "jt60sa", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "First plasma 2023-10-23", "evidence_type": "institution_reported_first_plasma", "timing": { "display": "2023-10-23", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2023-10-23", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_026" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "ifmif_dones_target_01", "entity_id": "ifmif_dones", "category": "target", "claim": "Qualify materials under fusion-relevant neutron exposure", "evidence_type": "program_target", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "target_window", "precision": "unspecified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_024", "PHY_025" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "sandia_z_evidence_01", "entity_id": "sandia_z", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "Thermonuclear plasma experiments with magnetization, preheat and liner compression", "evidence_type": "institution_reported_subsystem_or_research_result", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "unspecified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_033" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "wham_evidence_01", "entity_id": "wham", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "First plasma July 15, 2024", "evidence_type": "institution_reported_first_plasma", "timing": { "display": "2024-07-15", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2024-07-15", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_035" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "wham_evidence_02", "entity_id": "wham", "category": "experimental_result", "claim": "17 T HTS mirror magnets", "evidence_type": "institution_reported_subsystem_or_research_result", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "unspecified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PHY_035" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "step_evidence_01", "entity_id": "step", "category": "reported_status", "claim": "Programme planning, site preparation and partner selection; no operating fusion power plant.", "evidence_type": "institutional_summary", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "unspecified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PAR_STEP_STRATEGY", "PAR_UK_STRATEGY", "PAR_STEP_PARTNERS" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "step_target_01", "entity_id": "step", "category": "target", "claim": "Prototype operation from 2040.", "evidence_type": "program_target", "timing": { "display": "2040", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2040", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PAR_STEP_STRATEGY" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "best_evidence_01", "entity_id": "best", "category": "reported_status", "claim": "Construction and joint research plan; reviewed evidence does not show a burning-plasma result.", "evidence_type": "institutional_summary", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "unspecified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PAR_BEST_PLAN", "PAR_F4E_REPORT" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "best_target_01", "entity_id": "best", "category": "target", "claim": "First plasma: late 2027 or early 2028 in the July 2026 F4E overview; the November 2025 partner announcement had specified 2027.", "evidence_type": "program_target", "timing": { "display": "late 2027–early 2028", "role": "target_window", "precision": "range", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "Preserve the source wording; do not convert it into a precise promised deadline." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PAR_BEST_PLAN", "PAR_F4E_REPORT" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "best_target_02", "entity_id": "best", "category": "target", "claim": "Fusion gain Q greater than 5 is a research aim, not net grid-electric output.", "evidence_type": "program_target", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "target_window", "precision": "unspecified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PAR_BEST_PLAN" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} }, { "id": "craft_evidence_01", "entity_id": "craft", "category": "reported_status", "claim": "Facility infrastructure exists; it is not an electricity-producing fusion reactor.", "evidence_type": "institutional_summary", "timing": { "display": "Not specified", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "unspecified", "date": null, "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": "This date labels the report or publication; it is not an independently established experiment date." }, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "source_ids": [ "PAR_F4E_REPORT" ], "independent_verification": "not_inferred_from_source_review", "details": {} } ], "funding_events": [ { "id": "cfs_2026_round", "entity_id": "cfs", "announcement_date": "2026-07-30", "amount": 1000000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 1000000000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Additional financing announced; separate from cumulative total.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_CFS_FUND_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "cfs_2026_total", "entity_id": "cfs", "announcement_date": "2026-07-30", "amount": 4000000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 4000000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "Reported capital raised; includes latest round.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_CFS_FUND_2026" ], "funding_scope": "company capital raised", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "helion_g_initial", "entity_id": "helion", "announcement_date": "2026-06-04", "amount": 465000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 465000000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Initial Series G amount, superseded by September final close.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELION_FUND" ], "superseded_by": "helion_g_final", "exclude_from_totals": true, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "helion_g_final", "entity_id": "helion", "announcement_date": "2026-09", "amount": 500000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 500000000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Final close of SAME Series G round; includes original $465 million.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELION_FUND" ], "announcement_date_precision": "month", "supersedes": "helion_g_initial", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "month", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "helion_total_june", "entity_id": "helion", "announcement_date": "2026-06-04", "amount": 1500000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 1500000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "Cumulative amount reported with June announcement; do not silently update by arithmetic.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELION_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "helion_chips_loi", "entity_id": "helion", "announcement_date": "2026-10-22", "amount": 175000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 175000000, "event_type": "government_equity_award", "qualifier": "UP TO amount in LOI, definitive award pending; government non-voting equity on award.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELION_CHIPS" ], "status": "conditional_loi", "exclude_from_private_equity_total": true, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "<=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "helion_chips_private_plan", "entity_id": "helion", "announcement_date": "2026-10-22", "amount": 50000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 50000000, "event_type": "conditional_commitment", "qualifier": "Planned private investment tied to CHIPS project; not reported closed.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELION_CHIPS" ], "status": "planned", "exclude_from_totals": true, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "tae_2025_round", "entity_id": "tae", "announcement_date": "2025-06-02", "amount": 150000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 150000000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "More than $150 million; numeric value is a lower-bound anchor.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_FUND" ], "amount_operator": ">", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "tae_2025_equity_total", "entity_id": "tae", "announcement_date": "2025-06-02", "amount": 1300000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 1300000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "More than $1.3 billion in cumulative EQUITY at that date.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_FUND" ], "amount_operator": ">", "funding_scope": "equity", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "tae_note_provided", "entity_id": "tae", "announcement_date": "2026-03-26", "amount": 200000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 200000000, "event_type": "debt_facility", "qualifier": "Company confirms funds already provided under convertible promissory note; not equity-round cash.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_DEBT" ], "status": "provided", "original_agreement_date": "2025-12-18", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "reported_received", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "tae_note_available", "entity_id": "tae", "announcement_date": "2026-03-26", "amount": 100000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 100000000, "event_type": "debt_facility", "qualifier": "Additional amount available upon Form S-4 filing. Filing occurred September; drawdown not verified.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_DEBT", "MAG_TAE_MERGER" ], "status": "availability_condition_reportedly_met_draw_unknown", "exclude_from_totals": true, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "tae_proposed_merger", "entity_id": "tae", "announcement_date": "2026-09-30", "amount": null, "currency": null, "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "proposed_merger", "qualifier": "Proposed all-stock merger; S-4 filing not closing. Valuation excluded from funding.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_MERGER" ], "status": "proposed", "exclude_from_totals": true, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "te_2024_round", "entity_id": "tokamak_energy", "announcement_date": "2024-11-20", "amount": 125000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 125000000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Private financing round.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TE_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "te_2024_private_total", "entity_id": "tokamak_energy", "announcement_date": "2024-11-20", "amount": 275000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 275000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "Private investment subtotal.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TE_FUND" ], "funding_scope": "private investment", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "te_2024_government_total", "entity_id": "tokamak_energy", "announcement_date": "2024-11-20", "amount": 60000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 60000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "Government funding subtotal; not private equity.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TE_FUND" ], "funding_scope": "government funding", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "te_2024_all_total", "entity_id": "tokamak_energy", "announcement_date": "2024-11-20", "amount": 335000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 335000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "Combined $275 million private plus $60 million government; do not add component rows again.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TE_FUND" ], "funding_scope": "mixed private and government", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "typeone_2026_b", "entity_id": "type_one", "announcement_date": "2026-10-06", "amount": 200000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 200000000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Series B; no current cumulative amount asserted from this release.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TYPEONE_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "proxima_2026_round", "entity_id": "proxima", "announcement_date": "2026-07-07", "amount": 411000000, "currency": "EUR", "amount_usd": 468000000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Source supplies approximate USD equivalent.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_PROXIMA_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "source_supplied_approximation" }, { "id": "proxima_2026_total", "entity_id": "proxima", "announcement_date": "2026-07-07", "amount": 650000000, "currency": "EUR", "amount_usd": 740000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "More than €650 million, including €95 million grants; not pure equity.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_PROXIMA_FUND" ], "amount_operator": ">", "funding_scope": "private financing plus grants", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "source_supplied_approximation" }, { "id": "proxima_grants", "entity_id": "proxima", "announcement_date": "2026-07-07", "amount": 95000000, "currency": "EUR", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "Public grants already included within reported cumulative financing.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_PROXIMA_FUND" ], "funding_scope": "grants subset", "exclude_from_totals": true, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "proxima_bavaria_commitment", "entity_id": "proxima", "announcement_date": "2026-07-07", "amount": 400000000, "currency": "EUR", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "conditional_commitment", "qualifier": "Separate Bavaria public commitment; do not treat as received equity or add to secured total.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_PROXIMA_FUND" ], "status": "commitment", "exclude_from_totals": true, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "<=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "thea_2026_b", "entity_id": "thea", "announcement_date": "2026-05-27", "amount": 100000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 100000000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Series B initial financing announcement.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_THEA_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "thea_2026_b_extension", "entity_id": "thea", "announcement_date": "2026-08-18", "amount": null, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Additional Series B extension amount undisclosed; not zero.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_THEA_EXTENSION" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "thea_scaleup", "entity_id": "thea", "announcement_date": "2026-08-18", "amount": 20000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 20000000, "event_type": "grant", "qualifier": "ARPA-E SCALEUP award reported by company; do not add to private-equity series.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_THEA_EXTENSION" ], "status": "award_reported", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "renaissance_a_first", "entity_id": "renaissance", "announcement_date": "2025-03-06", "amount": 32000000, "currency": "EUR", "amount_usd": 33200000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Series A FIRST CLOSE; source gives $33.2 million equivalent.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_RENAISSANCE_NEWS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "source_supplied_approximation" }, { "id": "renaissance_bpi", "entity_id": "renaissance", "announcement_date": "2023-12-01", "amount": 10000000, "currency": "EUR", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "grant", "qualifier": "BPIFrance grant, separate from private financing.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_RENAISSANCE_NEWS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "realta_2025_a", "entity_id": "realta", "announcement_date": "2025-05-13", "amount": 36000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 36000000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Series A.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_REALTA_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "realta_svb", "entity_id": "realta", "announcement_date": "2026-02-17", "amount": 9500000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 9500000, "event_type": "debt_facility", "qualifier": "Growth-capital facility; drawdown amount not disclosed.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_REALTA_DEBT" ], "status": "facility_available_draw_unknown", "exclude_from_totals": true, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "es_seed", "entity_id": "energy_singularity", "announcement_date": "2022-02-26", "amount": 400000000, "currency": "CNY", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Nearly RMB 400 million; source figure approximate.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_ES_SEED" ], "amount_operator": "nearly", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "es_prea", "entity_id": "energy_singularity", "announcement_date": "2023-04-30", "amount": 400000000, "currency": "CNY", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Nearly RMB 400 million Pre-A.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_ES_PREA" ], "amount_operator": "nearly", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "es_2023_total", "entity_id": "energy_singularity", "announcement_date": "2023-04-30", "amount": 800000000, "currency": "CNY", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "Historical total, nearly RMB 800 million; not a current audited balance.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_ES_PREA" ], "amount_operator": "nearly", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "es_2026_survey_total", "entity_id": "energy_singularity", "announcement_date": "2026-07-13", "amount": 112500000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 112500000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "Company-declared Q2 survey total; financing categories not reconciled.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "funding_scope": "self-reported total, composition unverified", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "kyoto_d_first", "entity_id": "kyoto_fusioneering", "announcement_date": "2026-08-24", "amount": 16720000000, "currency": "JPY", "amount_usd": 105000000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Series D first-close EQUITY; USD approximation supplied by source.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_KYOTO_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "source_supplied_approximation" }, { "id": "kyoto_credit", "entity_id": "kyoto_fusioneering", "announcement_date": "2026-08-24", "amount": 9000000000, "currency": "JPY", "amount_usd": 57000000, "event_type": "debt_facility", "qualifier": "Credit and loan facilities; source does not establish full drawdown.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_KYOTO_FUND" ], "status": "facilities", "exclude_from_totals": true, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "source_supplied_approximation" }, { "id": "kyoto_equity_total", "entity_id": "kyoto_fusioneering", "announcement_date": "2026-08-24", "amount": 32980000000, "currency": "JPY", "amount_usd": 207000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "Cumulative equity ONLY; source USD conversion approximate.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_KYOTO_FUND" ], "funding_scope": "equity", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "source_supplied_approximation" }, { "id": "nttao_a", "entity_id": "nt_tao", "announcement_date": "2023-02-01", "amount": 22000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 22000000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Series A.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_NTTAO_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "nttao_2023_total", "entity_id": "nt_tao", "announcement_date": "2023-02-01", "amount": 28000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 28000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "Historical total at Series A announcement.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_NTTAO_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "nttao_2026_total", "entity_id": "nt_tao", "announcement_date": "2026-07-13", "amount": 34000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 34000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "Company-declared Q2 survey total; composition unverified.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "funding_scope": "self-reported total", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "helical_b_second", "entity_id": "helical_fusion", "announcement_date": "2026-10-08", "amount": 3230000000, "currency": "JPY", "amount_usd": 20600000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Series B SECOND CLOSE, not the entire Series B round.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_EN", "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_JP" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "source_supplied_approximation" }, { "id": "helical_b_total", "entity_id": "helical_fusion", "announcement_date": "2026-10-08", "amount": 5930000000, "currency": "JPY", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "Total Series B financing to date; includes second close; not cumulative company funding.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_JP" ], "funding_scope": "Series B total only", "exclude_from_totals": true, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "helical_company_total", "entity_id": "helical_fusion", "announcement_date": "2026-10-08", "amount": 13050000000, "currency": "JPY", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "Japanese article updated Oct 9: includes grants and loans; English page gives conflicting ¥13.15B. Conditional METI subsidy excluded.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_JP", "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_EN" ], "funding_scope": "mixed equity grants loans", "source_discrepancy": true, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_INERTIA_SERIES_A", "entity_id": "inertia", "announcement_date": "2026-02-11", "amount": 450000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 450000000, "event_type": "conditional_commitment", "qualifier": "Milestone-based Series A; full cash disbursement not established in release.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_FUND" ], "round_name": "Series A", "cash_received_verified": false, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_established", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_PACIFIC_2024", "entity_id": "pacific_fusion", "announcement_date": "2024-10-25", "amount": 900000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 900000000, "event_type": "conditional_commitment", "qualifier": "More than $900 million committed up front; released against predefined milestones.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_PACIFIC_FOUND" ], "amount_operator": ">", "round_name": "Series A", "cash_received_verified": false, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_received_status": "not_established", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_PACIFIC_2026", "entity_id": "pacific_fusion", "announcement_date": "2026-07-16", "amount": 1000000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 1000000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "More than $1 billion private capital reported; release does not clarify received versus still-conditional tranches.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "ALT_PACIFIC_CAPITAL" ], "amount_operator": ">", "cash_received_verified": false, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_received_status": "not_established", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_XCIMER_A", "entity_id": "xcimer", "announcement_date": "2024-06-04", "amount": 100000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 100000000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Series A; not the latest cumulative total.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_XCIMER_FUND" ], "round_name": "Series A", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_XCIMER_FIA", "entity_id": "xcimer", "announcement_date": "2026-07-13", "amount": 178000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 178000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "self-reported total; category composition not fully disclosed", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of_precision": "survey_publication", "amount_is_approximate": false, "accounting_basis": "company_declared_survey_total", "cash_received_verified": false, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_established", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_XCIMER_LIVE_TOTAL", "entity_id": "xcimer", "announcement_date": null, "amount": 200000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 200000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "Nearly $200 million in seed and Series A investment on undated live FAQ; snapshot as of research cutoff; not an exact $200 million close.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "ALT_XCIMER_FAQ" ], "amount_operator": "nearly", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "announcement_date_precision": "unknown", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "unknown", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_FOCUSED_A", "entity_id": "focused_energy", "announcement_date": "2026-05-27", "amount": 240000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 240000000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Company-announced fully secured Series A; not a cumulative total.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_FOCUSED_FUND" ], "round_name": "Series A", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_FOCUSED_ENERGY_FIA", "entity_id": "focused_energy", "announcement_date": "2026-07-13", "amount": 500000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 500000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "self-reported total; category composition not fully disclosed", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of_precision": "survey_publication", "amount_is_approximate": false, "accounting_basis": "company_declared_survey_total", "cash_received_verified": false, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_established", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_GENERAL_FUSION_FIA", "entity_id": "general_fusion", "announcement_date": "2026-07-13", "amount": 500000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 500000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "self-reported total; category composition not fully disclosed", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of_precision": "survey_publication", "amount_is_approximate": true, "accounting_basis": "company_declared_survey_total", "cash_received_verified": false, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_established", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_GENERAL_LIST_CASH", "entity_id": "general_fusion", "announcement_date": "2026-07-13", "amount": 150000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 150000000, "event_type": "cash_balance_snapshot", "qualifier": "Approximate cash at public listing, including net transaction proceeds; NOT new round amount or valuation.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "ALT_GENERAL_LIST" ], "exclude_from_funding_total": true, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "approximately", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_ZAP_D", "entity_id": "zap_energy", "announcement_date": "2024-10-09", "amount": 130000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 130000000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Series D; separately published total then exceeded $330 million.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_ZAP_FUND" ], "round_name": "Series D", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_ZAP_ENERGY_FIA", "entity_id": "zap_energy", "announcement_date": "2026-07-13", "amount": 338000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 338000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "self-reported total; category composition not fully disclosed", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of_precision": "survey_publication", "amount_is_approximate": false, "accounting_basis": "company_declared_survey_total", "cash_received_verified": false, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_established", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_FIRSTLIGHT_2026", "entity_id": "first_light", "announcement_date": "2026-04-21", "amount": 25000000, "currency": "GBP", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "First close of new round; includes public investor UKAEA; not all-time total.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_FIRST_LIGHT_FIA", "entity_id": "first_light", "announcement_date": "2026-07-13", "amount": 156379800, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 156379800, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "self-reported total; category composition not fully disclosed", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of_precision": "survey_publication", "amount_is_approximate": false, "accounting_basis": "company_declared_survey_total", "cash_received_verified": false, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_established", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_MARVEL_B_EXT", "entity_id": "marvel_fusion", "announcement_date": "2025-03-27", "amount": 50000000, "currency": "EUR", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Series B extension; included in €113 million total Series B and €170 million total private investments.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_MARVEL_PRIVATE", "entity_id": "marvel_fusion", "announcement_date": "2025-03-27", "amount": 170000000, "currency": "EUR", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "Total private investment reported; includes Series B and its extension.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_FUND" ], "accounting_basis": "private_investment", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_MARVEL_PUBLIC", "entity_id": "marvel_fusion", "announcement_date": "2025-03-27", "amount": 215000000, "currency": "EUR", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "public_budget", "qualifier": "Public cooperation project value; not an equity round or confirmed company cash receipt.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_FUND" ], "exclude_from_private_funding_total": true, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_AVALANCHE_2026", "entity_id": "avalanche_energy", "announcement_date": "2026-02-03", "amount": 29000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 29000000, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "New financing round; also provides grant matching funds.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_AVALANCHE_GRANT", "entity_id": "avalanche_energy", "announcement_date": "2025-07-23", "amount": 10000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 10000000, "event_type": "grant", "qualifier": "Washington grant; award/matching requirements differ from equity cash.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_GRANT" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_AVALANCHE_ENERGY_FIA", "entity_id": "avalanche_energy", "announcement_date": "2026-07-13", "amount": 104200000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 104200000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "self-reported total; category composition not fully disclosed", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of_precision": "survey_publication", "amount_is_approximate": false, "accounting_basis": "company_declared_survey_total", "cash_received_verified": false, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_established", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_EXFUSION_A", "entity_id": "ex_fusion", "announcement_date": "2025-06-05", "amount": 2600000000, "currency": "JPY", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "JPY 2.3 billion equity plusJPY 0.3 billion loans; mixed financing.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_EXFUSION_A" ], "accounting_basis": "equity_and_debt", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted", "funding_scope": "mixed equity and loans" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_EXFUSION_EXT", "entity_id": "ex_fusion", "announcement_date": "2025-10-14", "amount": 400000000, "currency": "JPY", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "Series A extension; included in cumulativeJPY 6 billion.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_EXFUSION_EXT" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_EXFUSION_TOTAL", "entity_id": "ex_fusion", "announcement_date": "2025-10-14", "amount": 6000000000, "currency": "JPY", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "All-time financing; includes loans in earlier Series A.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "ALT_EXFUSION_EXT", "ALT_EXFUSION_A" ], "accounting_basis": "equity_and_debt", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_HB11_PROJECT", "entity_id": "hb11", "announcement_date": "2022-05-03", "amount": 22000000, "currency": "AUD", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "public_budget", "qualifier": "Consortium laser project: AUD 6 million grant+AUD 16 million partner contributions; not company equity.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_HB11_PROJECT" ], "exclude_from_private_funding_total": true, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "ALT_FIN_FUSE_FIA", "entity_id": "fuse", "announcement_date": "2026-07-13", "amount": 65000000, "currency": "USD", "amount_usd": 65000000, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "self-reported total; category composition not fully disclosed", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of_precision": "survey_publication", "amount_is_approximate": false, "accounting_basis": "company_declared_survey_total", "cash_received_verified": false, "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_established", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "same_currency" }, { "id": "PAR_FUND_STARTORUS_A_PLUS", "entity_id": "startorus", "announcement_date": "2026-05-07", "amount": 500000000, "currency": "CNY", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "A+ closed financing; source body takes precedence over shortened headline.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "PAR_FUND_STARTORUS_TOTAL", "entity_id": "startorus", "announcement_date": "2026-05-07", "amount": 2000000000, "currency": "CNY", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "cumulative_total", "qualifier": "Greater than; cumulative financing as of May, not updated after August round.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS" ], "amount_operator": ">", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "PAR_FUND_STARTORUS_A_PLUS_PLUS", "entity_id": "startorus", "announcement_date": "2026-08-08", "amount": 880000000, "currency": "CNY", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "round", "qualifier": "A++ completed financing; do not add to a later total that may already include it.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS_PLUS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "PAR_FUND_STEP", "entity_id": "step", "announcement_date": "2026-04-20", "amount": 1300000000, "currency": "GBP", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "public_budget", "qualifier": "Next programme stage; subset of wider GBP2.5bn UK support, not total plant construction cost.", "includes_prior": true, "source_ids": [ "PAR_STEP_STRATEGY", "PAR_UK_STRATEGY" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22", "amount_operator": "=", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" }, { "id": "PAR_FUND_OPENSTAR_LOAN", "entity_id": "openstar", "announcement_date": "2026-02-04", "amount": 35000000, "currency": "NZD", "amount_usd": null, "event_type": "debt_facility", "qualifier": "Government loan up to this amount; announced facility support, not proven disbursed equity.", "includes_prior": false, "source_ids": [ "PAR_OPENSTAR_LOAN" ], "amount_operator": "<=", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "cash_received_status": "not_assessed_as_cash_balance", "aggregation_policy": "do_not_sum_without_explicit_nonoverlap_review", "date_precision": "day", "usd_conversion_basis": "not_converted" } ], "timeline": [ { "id": "phy_history_1934", "title": "Laboratory fusion of heavy hydrogen", "description": "Oliphant, Harteck and Rutherford publish experiments involving heavy hydrogen. This establishes laboratory fusion reactions, not a power plant.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": null, "source_ids": [ "PHY_030" ], "timing": { "display": "1934", "role": "publication_date", "precision": "year", "date": "1934", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_1939", "title": "Stellar energy explained", "description": "Bethe publishes a quantitative account of nuclear energy generation in stars.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": null, "source_ids": [ "PHY_031" ], "timing": { "display": "1939-03-01", "role": "publication_date", "precision": "day", "date": "1939-03-01", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_1951", "title": "The stellarator program begins", "description": "Spitzer and Princeton begin Project Matterhorn, exploring magnetic confinement.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": null, "source_ids": [ "PHY_027" ], "timing": { "display": "1951", "role": "event_date", "precision": "year", "date": "1951", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_1957", "title": "Useful fusion gets quantitative conditions", "description": "Lawson publishes criteria relating plasma conditions and useful energy production.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": null, "source_ids": [ "PHY_032" ], "timing": { "display": "1957", "role": "publication_date", "precision": "year", "date": "1957", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_1958", "title": "Research opens internationally", "description": "Previously secret magnetic fusion research is declassified.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": null, "source_ids": [ "PHY_027" ], "timing": { "display": "1958", "role": "event_date", "precision": "year", "date": "1958", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_1968", "title": "Tokamaks change the field", "description": "Soviet tokamak results show much better plasma performance, prompting worldwide attention.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": null, "source_ids": [ "PHY_029" ], "timing": { "display": "1968", "role": "event_date", "precision": "year", "date": "1968", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_1969", "title": "Independent measurement changes minds", "description": "British confirmation of Soviet results prompts Princeton to convert Model C to a tokamak.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": null, "source_ids": [ "PHY_028" ], "timing": { "display": "1969", "role": "event_date", "precision": "year", "date": "1969", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_1982", "title": "High confinement mode discovered", "description": "ASDEX identifies H-mode, a major improvement in magnetic confinement.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": null, "source_ids": [ "PHY_029" ], "timing": { "display": "1982", "role": "event_date", "precision": "year", "date": "1982", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_1991", "title": "JET begins D-T fusion experiments", "description": "JET uses deuterium and tritium to release fusion power under laboratory control.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": "jet", "source_ids": [ "PHY_029" ], "timing": { "display": "1991", "role": "event_date", "precision": "year", "date": "1991", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_1997", "title": "JET reaches plasma gain near two thirds", "description": "JET reaches about 16 MW fusion power from 24 MW external heating, Q about 0.67. This is not an electrical efficiency.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": "jet", "source_ids": [ "PHY_020" ], "timing": { "display": "1997", "role": "event_date", "precision": "year", "date": "1997", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_2006", "title": "ITER agreement signed", "description": "The multinational ITER agreement establishes a shared experimental program; its mission is not grid electricity.", "status": "institutional", "entity_id": "iter", "source_ids": [ "PHY_020" ], "timing": { "display": "2006", "role": "event_date", "precision": "year", "date": "2006", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_2021", "title": "NIF achieves physical ignition", "description": "Alpha heating supports a propagating burn in an experiment yielding over 1.3 MJ; target gain remains below one.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": "nif", "source_ids": [ "PHY_011" ], "timing": { "display": "2021-08-08", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2021-08-08", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_2022", "title": "NIF passes target energy breakeven", "description": "Fusion yield of 3.15 MJ exceeds laser energy delivered to target: 2.05 MJ. Whole-facility electrical breakeven is a different boundary.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": "nif", "source_ids": [ "PHY_010" ], "timing": { "display": "2022-12-05", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2022-12-05", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_jet2023", "title": "JET records about 69 MJ in one discharge", "description": "Final D-T campaign record measures integrated fusion energy over roughly five seconds.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": "jet", "source_ids": [ "PHY_013", "PHY_014" ], "timing": { "display": "2023-10-03", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2023-10-03", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_jt60sa", "title": "JT-60SA achieves first plasma", "description": "The Europe-Japan tokamak at Naka begins plasma operation; first plasma is an integration milestone.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": "jt60sa", "source_ids": [ "PHY_026" ], "timing": { "display": "2023-10-23", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2023-10-23", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_kstar", "title": "KSTAR reports longer hot-ion operation", "description": "Campaign ran December 2023 to February 2024; 48 s at 100 million degrees Celsius ion temperature and 102 s in H-mode are separate records.", "status": "announcement_of_demonstration", "entity_id": "kstar", "source_ids": [ "PHY_017" ], "timing": { "display": "2024-03-20", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2024-03-20", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_wham", "title": "WHAM reaches first plasma", "description": "High-field mirror experiment at Stoughton enters scientific operation.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": "wham", "source_ids": [ "PHY_035" ], "timing": { "display": "2024-07-15", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2024-07-15", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_east", "title": "EAST sustains high confinement for 1,066 seconds", "description": "Long-duration controlled plasma operation, not reported electricity output.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": "east", "source_ids": [ "PHY_016" ], "timing": { "display": "2025-01-20", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-01-20", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_west", "title": "WEST sustains hydrogen plasma for 1,337 seconds", "description": "The 2.6 GJ handled by the machine is input and exhaust heat, not fusion yield.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": "west", "source_ids": [ "PHY_018" ], "timing": { "display": "2025-02-12", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-02-12", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_nif2025", "title": "NIF reaches target gain 4.13", "description": "Record listed: 8.6 MJ fusion yield from 2.08 MJ laser input; target boundary only.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": "nif", "source_ids": [ "PHY_009", "PHY_012" ], "timing": { "display": "2025-04-07", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-04-07", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_w7x", "title": "W7-X sustains high performance for 43 seconds", "description": "Record combines triple product with long pulse duration; it is not the largest triple product at every pulse length.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": "w7x", "source_ids": [ "PHY_015" ], "timing": { "display": "2025-05-22", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-05-22", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_dones", "title": "EU approves EUR 202 million for materials test facility", "description": "IFMIF-DONES will provide accelerator-driven neutron irradiation for fusion materials research.", "status": "public_funding_announcement", "entity_id": "ifmif_dones", "source_ids": [ "PHY_024" ], "timing": { "display": "2025-07-14", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2025-07-14", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_rule", "title": "NRC publishes a fusion rule proposal", "description": "Proposal addresses radioactive materials and environmental review for fusion machines. This entry does not mark final rule adoption.", "status": "proposed_regulation", "entity_id": null, "source_ids": [ "PHY_040" ], "timing": { "display": "2026-02-26", "role": "reported_at", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-02-26", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_history_nif2026", "title": "NIF lists its eleventh ignition experiment", "description": "Reported yield of 7.9 ± 0.4 MJ and target gain approximately 3.8; lower than the record 2025 yield.", "status": "demonstrated", "entity_id": "nif", "source_ids": [ "PHY_009" ], "timing": { "display": "2026-06-20", "role": "event_date", "precision": "day", "date": "2026-06-20", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_target_iter2034", "title": "ITER research operations target", "description": "Announced baseline target; early research phases do not yet use D-T.", "status": "target", "entity_id": "iter", "source_ids": [ "PHY_021" ], "timing": { "display": "2034", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2034", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_target_iter2036", "title": "ITER full magnetic energy target", "description": "Announced baseline target; do not label this as commercial operation.", "status": "target", "entity_id": "iter", "source_ids": [ "PHY_021" ], "timing": { "display": "2036", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2036", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "phy_target_iter2039", "title": "ITER D-T operations target", "description": "Start of D-T phase under current baseline; not a promise of grid electricity or immediate Q = 10.", "status": "target", "entity_id": "iter", "source_ids": [ "PHY_021" ], "timing": { "display": "2039", "role": "target_window", "precision": "year", "date": "2039", "start_year": null, "end_year": null, "note": null }, "as_of": "2026-10-22" } ], "records": [ { "id": "east_2025", "entity_id": "east", "date": "2025-01-20", "metric": "h_mode_duration", "value": 1066, "unit": "s", "boundary": "plasma_operating_regime", "measurement_type": "single_discharge", "source_ids": [ "PHY_016" ], "evidence_type": "published_experimental_result", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "date_role": "event_date" }, { "id": "jet_1997", "entity_id": "jet", "date": "1997", "metric": "plasma_gain_peak", "value": 0.67, "unit": "ratio", "fusion_power_mw": 16, "heating_power_mw": 24, "boundary": "external_heating_to_plasma", "measurement_type": "peak_not_pulse_average", "source_ids": [ "PHY_020" ], "evidence_type": "published_experimental_result", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "date_role": "event_date" }, { "id": "jet_2023", "entity_id": "jet", "date": "2023-10-03", "metric": "fusion_energy", "value": 69, "unit": "MJ", "duration_s": 5.2, "boundary": "fusion_energy_released", "measurement_type": "single_discharge_integrated", "source_ids": [ "PHY_013", "PHY_014" ], "evidence_type": "published_experimental_result", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "date_role": "event_date" }, { "id": "kstar_temperature", "entity_id": "kstar", "date": "2024-02", "date_note": "Campaign ran December 2023–February 2024; source reported March 20, 2024. Do not invent a shot date.", "metric": "ion_temperature_duration", "value": 48, "unit": "s", "ion_temperature_c": 100000000, "boundary": "specified_ion_temperature", "measurement_type": "campaign_result", "source_ids": [ "PHY_017" ], "evidence_type": "published_experimental_result", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "date_role": "campaign_end_month" }, { "id": "kstar_hmode", "entity_id": "kstar", "date": "2024-02", "metric": "h_mode_duration", "value": 102, "unit": "s", "boundary": "plasma_operating_regime", "measurement_type": "campaign_result", "source_ids": [ "PHY_017" ], "evidence_type": "published_experimental_result", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "date_role": "campaign_end_month", "date_note": "Campaign ran December 2023–February 2024; source reported March 20, 2024. Do not invent a shot date." }, { "id": "nif_2022_record", "entity_id": "nif", "date": "2022-12-05", "metric": "target_gain", "value": 1.5365853658536586, "unit": "ratio", "reported_display": "1.54", "fusion_energy_mj": 3.15, "driver_energy_mj": 2.05, "boundary": "laser_energy_to_target", "measurement_type": "single_shot", "source_ids": [ "PHY_010" ], "evidence_type": "published_experimental_result", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "date_role": "event_date" }, { "id": "nif_2023_record", "entity_id": "nif", "date": "2023-07-30", "metric": "target_gain", "value": 1.8926829268292684, "unit": "ratio", "reported_display": "1.89", "fusion_energy_mj": 3.88, "driver_energy_mj": 2.05, "boundary": "laser_energy_to_target", "measurement_type": "single_shot", "source_ids": [ "PHY_009" ], "evidence_type": "published_experimental_result", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "date_role": "event_date" }, { "id": "nif_2024_record", "entity_id": "nif", "date": "2024-02-12", "metric": "target_gain", "value": 2.3636363636363633, "unit": "ratio", "reported_display": "2.36", "fusion_energy_mj": 5.2, "driver_energy_mj": 2.2, "boundary": "laser_energy_to_target", "measurement_type": "single_shot", "source_ids": [ "PHY_009" ], "evidence_type": "published_experimental_result", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "date_role": "event_date" }, { "id": "nif_2025_feb_record", "entity_id": "nif", "date": "2025-02-23", "metric": "target_gain", "value": 2.439024390243903, "unit": "ratio", "reported_display": "2.44", "fusion_energy_mj": 5.0, "driver_energy_mj": 2.05, "boundary": "laser_energy_to_target", "measurement_type": "single_shot", "source_ids": [ "PHY_009" ], "evidence_type": "published_experimental_result", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "date_role": "event_date" }, { "id": "nif_2025_record", "entity_id": "nif", "date": "2025-04-07", "metric": "target_gain", "value": 4.13, "unit": "ratio", "reported_display": "4.13", "fusion_energy_mj": 8.6, "fusion_energy_uncertainty_mj": 0.45, "driver_energy_mj": 2.08, "boundary": "laser_energy_to_target", "measurement_type": "single_shot", "source_ids": [ "PHY_009", "PHY_012" ], "evidence_type": "published_experimental_result", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "date_role": "event_date" }, { "id": "nif_2026_latest", "entity_id": "nif", "date": "2026-06-20", "metric": "target_gain", "value": 3.8, "unit": "ratio", "reported_display": "approximately 3.8", "fusion_energy_mj": 7.9, "fusion_energy_uncertainty_mj": 0.4, "driver_energy_mj": null, "boundary": "laser_energy_to_target", "measurement_type": "single_shot", "source_ids": [ "PHY_009" ], "evidence_type": "published_experimental_result", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "date_role": "event_date" }, { "id": "w7x_2025", "entity_id": "w7x", "date": "2025-05-22", "metric": "high_triple_product_duration", "value": 43, "unit": "s", "triple_product": null, "boundary": "high_performance_interval", "measurement_type": "single_discharge", "source_ids": [ "PHY_015" ], "evidence_type": "published_experimental_result", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "date_role": "event_date" }, { "id": "west_2025", "entity_id": "west", "date": "2025-02-12", "metric": "plasma_duration", "value": 1337, "unit": "s", "fuel": "hydrogen", "boundary": "plasma_discharge_duration", "measurement_type": "single_discharge", "source_ids": [ "PHY_018" ], "evidence_type": "published_experimental_result", "as_of": "2026-10-22", "date_role": "event_date" } ], "risk_dimensions": [ { "id": "fuel_physics", "label": "Fuel physics", "question": "Has the intended fuel demonstrated relevant reaction and loss physics?", "evidence_required": "Measured reaction yield, ion/electron temperatures, radiation losses and fuel composition with uncertainty.", "interpretation": "A result with hydrogen or D-D is informative but does not demonstrate D-T or p-B11 plant performance.", "applies_to": "all", "source_ids": [ "PHY_002", "PHY_006" ] }, { "id": "confinement_gain", "label": "Confinement and gain", "question": "Can the concept produce enough fusion energy at relevant conditions?", "evidence_required": "Simultaneous density, temperature, confinement and actual gain at a declared boundary.", "interpretation": "High temperature or a long pulse alone does not answer the gain question.", "applies_to": "all", "source_ids": [ "PHY_007", "PHY_015" ] }, { "id": "heating_driver", "label": "Heating and driver efficiency", "question": "Can the plant deliver the required pulse or heating economically?", "evidence_required": "End-to-end electrical efficiency at required energy, power, repetition and component lifetime.", "interpretation": "An efficient small driver or isolated subsystem may not scale to the required duty cycle.", "applies_to": "all", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006", "PHY_033", "PHY_034" ] }, { "id": "fuel_cycle", "label": "Fuel supply and processing", "question": "Can the plant obtain, recover and replenish its operating fuel?", "evidence_required": "Integrated mass balance, extraction/recycle rates, inventories, retention and leakage; D-T additionally net breeding.", "interpretation": "Advanced fuel substitutes one set of constraints for another; it does not make fuel automatically free or available.", "applies_to": "fuel_dependent", "source_ids": [ "PHY_002", "PHY_022" ] }, { "id": "materials", "label": "Neutrons and materials", "question": "Do structural and functional materials survive the actual particle spectrum?", "evidence_required": "Irradiation and component tests at relevant spectrum, fluence, temperature and stress, plus replacement plans.", "interpretation": "Short discharges establish little about multiyear component life.", "applies_to": "all_but_burden_fuel_dependent", "source_ids": [ "PHY_024", "PHY_042" ] }, { "id": "heat_exhaust", "label": "Heat and particle exhaust", "question": "Can heat and particles leave without destroying surfaces or degrading plasma?", "evidence_required": "Integrated heat-flux control, impurity management, coolant conditions and component tests.", "interpretation": "Successful confinement can make exhaust more demanding.", "applies_to": "all", "source_ids": [ "PHY_018", "PHY_023" ] }, { "id": "conversion", "label": "Energy conversion", "question": "Can the released energy become useful electricity?", "evidence_required": "Measured thermal/direct conversion efficiency and full recirculating electrical ledger.", "interpretation": "Energy recovered from a charged system may largely be previously supplied energy.", "applies_to": "all", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006", "PHY_037" ] }, { "id": "repetition", "label": "Repetition and availability", "question": "Can the device operate often enough and recover between shots?", "evidence_required": "Long-run pulse/duty-cycle data at relevant output including failures, scheduled downtime and consumables.", "interpretation": "One successful shot, high repetition at low power and full-rate high-output operation are separate results.", "applies_to": "all", "source_ids": [ "PHY_034", "PHY_038", "PHY_042" ] }, { "id": "maintenance", "label": "Maintenance and replacement", "question": "Can worn or activated parts be changed affordably?", "evidence_required": "Demonstrated remote access, validated replacement duration, component life and waste handling.", "interpretation": "A cheaper core can still be an expensive plant if downtime is frequent.", "applies_to": "all", "source_ids": [ "PHY_023", "PHY_042", "PHY_043" ] }, { "id": "integration", "label": "Integrated net output", "question": "Has the complete plant exported net energy over a meaningful interval?", "evidence_required": "Metered complete-cycle energy balance with all auxiliaries and storage state restored, then repeat operation.", "interpretation": "A set of independently successful components does not demonstrate an integrated plant.", "applies_to": "all", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006", "PHY_042" ] }, { "id": "financing_economics", "label": "Financing and economics", "question": "Can a complete plant be built, operated and replicated at an acceptable cost?", "evidence_required": "Cost scope, financing terms, capex, availability, lifetime, consumables, maintenance and electricity-market assumptions.", "interpretation": "Capital raised is capacity to attempt the next milestone, not proof it can be reached.", "applies_to": "commercial_projects", "source_ids": [ "PHY_042" ] }, { "id": "licensing_siting", "label": "Licensing and site delivery", "question": "Are a specific plant design and site permitted and connectable?", "evidence_required": "Applicable license, environmental/site approvals, cooling and grid agreements, not merely a national policy statement.", "interpretation": "A lighter regulatory category reduces one burden but does not remove permitting or engineering obligations.", "applies_to": "commercial_projects", "source_ids": [ "PHY_040", "PHY_041" ] }, { "id": "evidence_quality", "label": "Evidence and transparency", "question": "How directly does public evidence support the claim?", "evidence_required": "Method, measurement boundary, uncertainty, raw/result detail, peer review and independent verification where available.", "interpretation": "Unknown public evidence must be shown as unknown; company-authored peer review is not the same as replication.", "applies_to": "all", "source_ids": [ "PHY_007" ] } ], "risk_assessments": [ { "id": "cfs_risk_01", "entity_id": "cfs", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics" ], "original_dimension": "plasma_physics", "headline": "SPARC gain demonstration pending", "interpretation": "Tokamak heritage and magnet achievement support a testable path, but the planned high-field burning plasma remains to be demonstrated.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_CFS_SPARC", "MAG_CFS_MAGNET" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "cfs_risk_02", "entity_id": "cfs", "theme_ids": [ "fuel_cycle", "materials_and_maintenance" ], "original_dimension": "fuel_cycle_and_materials", "headline": "Shared D-T engineering burden", "interpretation": "An ARC plant must combine tritium breeding, neutron shielding, heat exhaust and maintainable components. A successful SPARC result would not by itself validate those plant systems.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_CFS_ARC" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "helion_risk_01", "entity_id": "helion", "theme_ids": [ "electrical_balance" ], "original_dimension": "power_conversion", "headline": "Energy-boundary proof remains essential", "interpretation": "A recoverable capacitor-bank signal must be distinguished from recycled input electricity; sustained whole-plant net output is a separate milestone.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELION_POLARIS", "PHY_037" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "helion_risk_02", "entity_id": "helion", "theme_ids": [ "fuel_cycle" ], "original_dimension": "fuel_cycle", "headline": "Advanced-fuel transition", "interpretation": "Current D-T results do not demonstrate commercial D-He3 conditions, helium-3 supply or a closed fuel cycle. Reduced neutron production is not zero-neutron operation.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "PHY_037", "MAG_HELION_POLARIS_RESULTS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "helion_risk_03", "entity_id": "helion", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "project_delivery", "headline": "Aggressive company schedule", "interpretation": "The 2028 construction programme depends on physics, repetition, components and electricity balance progressing together. Construction alone does not validate these.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELION_ORION", "MAG_HELION_POLARIS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "tae_risk_01", "entity_id": "tae", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics" ], "original_dimension": "plasma_physics", "headline": "Advanced-fuel energy balance unproven", "interpretation": "FRC formation is a distinct achievement from p-B11 fusion gain; beam power and radiation losses must be balanced at much more demanding operating conditions.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_NATURE", "MAG_TAE_FUEL" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "tae_risk_02", "entity_id": "tae", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "project_delivery", "headline": "Roadmap and fuel options evolving", "interpretation": "Skipping Copernicus concentrates validation in later development. Prospective lunar helium-3 supply is an option, not available operating fuel.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_ROADMAP", "MAG_TAE_HE3" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "tae_risk_03", "entity_id": "tae", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "financing_disclosure", "headline": "Proposed merger and debt differ from equity", "interpretation": "The filed merger is not verified closed; the supplied convertible note and additional available facility must remain separate from historic equity totals.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_DEBT", "MAG_TAE_MERGER" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "tokamak_energy_risk_01", "entity_id": "tokamak_energy", "theme_ids": [ "materials_and_maintenance" ], "original_dimension": "materials_and_geometry", "headline": "Compact central-column constraints", "interpretation": "A low-aspect-ratio D-T reactor must fit shielding, magnets and breeding structures into restricted space while handling heat and neutron exposure.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TE_US", "MAG_TE_ST40" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "tokamak_energy_risk_02", "entity_id": "tokamak_energy", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "integration", "headline": "Component success is not burning-plasma success", "interpretation": "Demo4 verifies magnet behavior; a complete HTS fusion plant still requires integrated plasma, fuel-cycle and power systems.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TE_DEMO4", "MAG_TE_US" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "type_one_risk_01", "entity_id": "type_one", "theme_ids": [ "sustained_operation", "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "manufacturing_and_integration", "headline": "Three-dimensional reactor integration", "interpretation": "Coil construction, neutron shielding, blanket access and maintenance must work together in the complete stellarator geometry.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TYPEONE_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "type_one_risk_02", "entity_id": "type_one", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics", "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "evidence_transfer", "headline": "Heritage is not the company’s demonstration", "interpretation": "Results from HSX and W7-X inform the design; they do not count as achieved Infinity One or Infinity Two milestones.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TYPEONE_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "type_one_risk_03", "entity_id": "type_one", "theme_ids": [ "fuel_cycle" ], "original_dimension": "fuel_cycle", "headline": "D-T supply and breeding required", "interpretation": "Electricity deployment also requires a workable tritium cycle and durable neutron-exposed systems.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_TYPEONE_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "proxima_risk_01", "entity_id": "proxima", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics", "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "evidence_transfer", "headline": "Burning-plasma extrapolation pending", "interpretation": "W7-X supports the confinement approach; a compact high-field D-T plant requires additional physics and engineering validation.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_PROXIMA_PAPER", "MAG_PROXIMA_ALPHA" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "proxima_risk_02", "entity_id": "proxima", "theme_ids": [ "sustained_operation", "fuel_cycle" ], "original_dimension": "manufacturing_and_fuel_cycle", "headline": "Integrated high-field stellarator burden", "interpretation": "Complex HTS coils, heat exhaust, tritium breeding and maintainability must be demonstrated together.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_PROXIMA_PAPER" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "proxima_risk_03", "entity_id": "proxima", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "financing_disclosure", "headline": "Mixed and committed funding", "interpretation": "The reported cumulative total includes grants, and Bavaria’s commitment differs from received financing.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_PROXIMA_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "thea_risk_01", "entity_id": "thea", "theme_ids": [ "sustained_operation" ], "original_dimension": "manufacturing_and_control", "headline": "Complexity shifts into many controlled coils", "interpretation": "Simple coil shapes can ease manufacturing, while the integrated machine must validate many currents, connections and field-control interactions.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_THEA_CANIS", "MAG_THEA_HELIOS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "thea_risk_02", "entity_id": "thea", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics", "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "evidence_transfer", "headline": "Component and design stages", "interpretation": "Canis is a subsystem demonstration; Helios capacity factor, net power and coil lifetime are calculations, not operating records.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_THEA_CANIS", "MAG_THEA_HELIOS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "thea_risk_03", "entity_id": "thea", "theme_ids": [ "fuel_cycle" ], "original_dimension": "fuel_cycle", "headline": "Later D-T conversion", "interpretation": "Eos D-D operation would not alone demonstrate Helios tritium breeding and reactor materials performance.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_THEA_EOS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "renaissance_risk_01", "entity_id": "renaissance", "theme_ids": [ "sustained_operation" ], "original_dimension": "manufacturing", "headline": "Novel integrated fabrication", "interpretation": "Reactor-scale patterned HTS manufacturing and liquid-metal flow in strong magnetic fields need integrated validation.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_RENAISSANCE_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "renaissance_risk_02", "entity_id": "renaissance", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "evidence", "headline": "Component stage", "interpretation": "The reviewed evidence does not establish operating reactor-level confinement or energy balance.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_RENAISSANCE_NEWS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "realta_risk_01", "entity_id": "realta", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics" ], "original_dimension": "plasma_physics", "headline": "End-loss control remains central", "interpretation": "Mirror geometry is mechanically attractive but must retain enough particles and energy at useful fusion conditions.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_REALTA_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "realta_risk_02", "entity_id": "realta", "theme_ids": [ "electrical_balance" ], "original_dimension": "power_conversion", "headline": "Recovery is not generation proof", "interpretation": "The demonstrated converter largely recycled input heating. D-T net power requires fusion gain, neutron-heat conversion and complete plant accounting.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_REALTA_DEC" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "energy_singularity_risk_01", "entity_id": "energy_singularity", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "metric_comparability", "headline": "Different quantities need separate axes", "interpretation": "Long pulses, small-magnet peak field and equivalent Q should not be treated as equivalent to burning-plasma or whole-plant performance.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_ES_DEVICES", "MAG_ES_PULSE", "MAG_ES_MAGNET" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "energy_singularity_risk_02", "entity_id": "energy_singularity", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "disclosure", "headline": "Some financial and fuel details unresolved", "interpretation": "The current campaign fuel and composition of survey funding are not established here; these are evidence gaps rather than proof of technical failure.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_ES_DEVICES", "MAG_FIA_2026" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "kyoto_fusioneering_risk_01", "entity_id": "kyoto_fusioneering", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "integration", "headline": "Representative conditions required", "interpretation": "Thermal-loop testing must eventually connect to reactor neutron environments and reliable tritium recovery.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_KYOTO_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "kyoto_fusioneering_risk_02", "entity_id": "kyoto_fusioneering", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "commercial_dependency", "headline": "Customer and industry timing", "interpretation": "Supplier revenues depend partly on customers’ plant schedules; core plasma-gain risk belongs to those reactor projects.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_KYOTO_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "nt_tao_risk_01", "entity_id": "nt_tao", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics" ], "original_dimension": "plasma_physics", "headline": "Early experimental stage", "interpretation": "The cited temperature and pulsed-power hardware do not establish fusion gain, confinement at reactor conditions or net output.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_NTTAO_POWER" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "nt_tao_risk_02", "entity_id": "nt_tao", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "compact_integration", "headline": "Power density and shielding challenge", "interpretation": "A small D-T plant must integrate heating, neutron shielding, heat capture and tritium systems within its intended compact package.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_NTTAO_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "helical_fusion_risk_01", "entity_id": "helical_fusion", "theme_ids": [ "sustained_operation", "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "manufacturing_and_integration", "headline": "Complex coil and blanket integration", "interpretation": "Cable and manufacturing advances do not yet establish integrated plasma, liquid-metal blanket and power-cycle performance.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELICAL_TECH", "MAG_HELICAL_MANUFACTURE" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "helical_fusion_risk_02", "entity_id": "helical_fusion", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "financing_disclosure", "headline": "Mixed total with source discrepancy", "interpretation": "Cumulative financing includes grants and loans, and Japanese/English totals differ. The newer Japanese total is preferred with an explicit annotation.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_JP", "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_EN" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "inertia_risk_01", "entity_id": "inertia", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics" ], "original_dimension": "physics_scaling", "headline": "Physics scaling", "interpretation": "High gain is simulated for larger, manufacturable targets; NIF validates a predecessor regime but does not validate this full design.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_MODEL", "ALT_INERTIA_PAPER", "ALT_INERTIA_FUELING" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "inertia_risk_02", "entity_id": "inertia", "theme_ids": [ "sustained_operation" ], "original_dimension": "repetition_and_manufacturing", "headline": "Repetition and manufacturing", "interpretation": "Efficient 10 MJ shots at 10 Hz, economical cryogenic targets, injection and chamber recovery must work together continuously.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_FUND", "ALT_INERTIA_HOME", "ALT_INERTIA_PHASE1" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "inertia_risk_03", "entity_id": "inertia", "theme_ids": [ "fuel_cycle", "materials_and_maintenance" ], "original_dimension": "fuel_and_materials", "headline": "Fuel and materials", "interpretation": "A DT power plant still needs tritium breeding, heat extraction, radiation-tolerant optics and maintainable first-wall systems.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_FUND", "ALT_INERTIA_MODEL" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "pacific_fusion_risk_01", "entity_id": "pacific_fusion", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics" ], "original_dimension": "physics_scaling", "headline": "Physics scaling", "interpretation": "Driver progress must translate to repeatable high-yield target implosions; peak driver power is not fusion output.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_PACIFIC_MODULE", "ALT_PACIFIC_SITE" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "pacific_fusion_risk_02", "entity_id": "pacific_fusion", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "integrated_plant", "headline": "Integrated plant", "interpretation": "Stored-energy facility gain excludes conversion losses and other plant electricity. Repetition, debris, target replacement and balance of plant remain.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_PACIFIC_FOUND", "ALT_PACIFIC_SITE" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "pacific_fusion_risk_03", "entity_id": "pacific_fusion", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "financing", "headline": "Financing", "interpretation": "Headline commitments are not identical to cash received; the company reports a newer cumulative amount without a tranche reconciliation.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_PACIFIC_FOUND", "ALT_PACIFIC_CAPITAL" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "xcimer_risk_01", "entity_id": "xcimer", "theme_ids": [ "electrical_balance" ], "original_dimension": "driver_scaling", "headline": "Driver scaling", "interpretation": "Excimer/SBS proof of concept must scale to multi-megajoule energy, efficiency and sustained repetition.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_XCIMER_ROADMAP", "ALT_XCIMER_DOE" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "xcimer_risk_02", "entity_id": "xcimer", "theme_ids": [ "fuel_cycle", "materials_and_maintenance" ], "original_dimension": "liquid_wall_and_fuel", "headline": "Liquid wall and fuel", "interpretation": "Renewing molten salt may protect the wall, but whole-plant breeding, corrosion, flow recovery and remote maintenance still require validation.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_XCIMER_DOE" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "xcimer_risk_03", "entity_id": "xcimer", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "evidence_boundary", "headline": "Evidence boundary", "interpretation": "DOE design-milestone acceptance is not a plant operating licence or proof of commercial energy production.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_XCIMER_DOE" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "focused_energy_risk_01", "entity_id": "focused_energy", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics" ], "original_dimension": "target_physics", "headline": "Target physics", "interpretation": "Direct drive/fast ignition must establish its own reliable gain regime; NIF indirect-drive ignition does not directly validate it.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_FOCUSED_TECH", "ALT_FOCUSED_EXP" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "focused_energy_risk_02", "entity_id": "focused_energy", "theme_ids": [ "sustained_operation" ], "original_dimension": "manufacturing_and_repetition", "headline": "Manufacturing and repetition", "interpretation": "High-rate lasers, target manufacture, precision injection and chamber recovery must be integrated.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_FOCUSED_TECH", "ALT_FOCUSED_EXP" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "focused_energy_risk_03", "entity_id": "focused_energy", "theme_ids": [ "fuel_cycle" ], "original_dimension": "fuel_and_plant", "headline": "Fuel and plant", "interpretation": "DT breeding, materials durability and heat conversion remain whole-plant requirements despite siting/industrial partnerships.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_FOCUSED_FUND", "ALT_FOCUSED_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "general_fusion_risk_01", "entity_id": "general_fusion", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics" ], "original_dimension": "physics_scaling", "headline": "Physics scaling", "interpretation": "Higher electron temperature does not establish adequate ion temperature, confinement and density simultaneously. LM26 still targets additional large steps.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_GENERAL_TEMP", "ALT_GENERAL_PATH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "general_fusion_risk_02", "entity_id": "general_fusion", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "prototype_to_plant", "headline": "Prototype to plant", "interpretation": "Solid-liner experiment to repetitive liquid-metal machinery is a substantial engineering transition.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_GENERAL_TEMP", "ALT_GENERAL_PATH", "ALT_GENERAL_PAPER" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "general_fusion_risk_03", "entity_id": "general_fusion", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "capital_and_execution", "headline": "Capital and execution", "interpretation": "Public-market access changes financing options; approximately $150 million cash is not full power-plant financing.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_GENERAL_LIST", "ALT_GENERAL_PATH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "zap_energy_risk_01", "entity_id": "zap_energy", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics" ], "original_dimension": "plasma_stability", "headline": "Plasma stability", "interpretation": "Sheared-flow stabilization must hold at higher current and useful fusion gain; pressure alone cannot rank overall reactor performance.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_ZAP_PRESSURE" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "zap_energy_risk_02", "entity_id": "zap_energy", "theme_ids": [ "sustained_operation", "materials_and_maintenance" ], "original_dimension": "repetition_and_electrodes", "headline": "Repetition and electrodes", "interpretation": "Repetitive power, electrode erosion and liquid-metal handling need validation at fusion heat and neutron loads.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_ZAP_FUND", "ALT_ZAP_PRESSURE" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "zap_energy_risk_03", "entity_id": "zap_energy", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "business_scope", "headline": "Business scope", "interpretation": "Any future fission electricity must not be counted as demonstrated fusion electricity.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_ZAP_STRATEGY" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "first_light_risk_01", "entity_id": "first_light", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics" ], "original_dimension": "integrated_physics", "headline": "Integrated physics", "interpretation": "Compression and rapid ignition must work together; a successful first stage does not validate high gain.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TEST", "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "first_light_risk_02", "entity_id": "first_light", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "partner_dependence", "headline": "Partner dependence", "interpretation": "Target-system developer depends on partners for drivers, facilities and industrial integration.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "first_light_risk_03", "entity_id": "first_light", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "commercial_systems", "headline": "Commercial systems", "interpretation": "High modeled gain does not resolve target production, tritium breeding, chamber endurance or cost.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "marvel_fusion_risk_01", "entity_id": "marvel_fusion", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics" ], "original_dimension": "physics", "headline": "Physics", "interpretation": "Company-specific hollow-shell fast ignition must demonstrate gain; NIF indirect-drive success is not direct validation.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "marvel_fusion_risk_02", "entity_id": "marvel_fusion", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "laser_scaling", "headline": "Laser scaling", "interpretation": "High-efficiency, high-repetition short-pulse lasers must scale from demonstrations to plant energy and reliability.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "marvel_fusion_risk_03", "entity_id": "marvel_fusion", "theme_ids": [ "fuel_cycle" ], "original_dimension": "fuel", "headline": "Fuel", "interpretation": "Current near-term design uses DT and retains breeding/neutron challenges; older proton-boron descriptions should not be copied forward.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_MARVEL_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "avalanche_energy_risk_01", "entity_id": "avalanche_energy", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics" ], "original_dimension": "physics", "headline": "Physics", "interpretation": "Voltage, confinement and compact size are enabling results; energy-positive distributions and fusion output remain unproven in reviewed evidence.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND", "ALT_AVALANCHE_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "avalanche_energy_risk_02", "entity_id": "avalanche_energy", "theme_ids": [ "fuel_cycle" ], "original_dimension": "fuel_and_scale", "headline": "Fuel and scale", "interpretation": "A practical DT microreactor still needs shielding, fuel supply, heat removal and conversion, which affect complete-system size.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND", "ALT_AVALANCHE_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "avalanche_energy_risk_03", "entity_id": "avalanche_energy", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "licensing", "headline": "Licensing", "interpretation": "A planned licensed test service is distinct from an operating electricity plant.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "ex_fusion_risk_01", "entity_id": "ex_fusion", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "integration", "headline": "Integration", "interpretation": "Target tracking and repetitive irradiation must be coupled to adequate driver energy and gain on real fuel.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_EXFUSION_A", "ALT_EXFUSION_TEST" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "ex_fusion_risk_02", "entity_id": "ex_fusion", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "laser_and_plant", "headline": "Laser and plant", "interpretation": "High-power laser efficiency, thermal management and integrated DT fuel cycle remain outstanding.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_EXFUSION_A", "ALT_EXFUSION_EXT" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "ex_fusion_risk_03", "entity_id": "ex_fusion", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "funding_comparability", "headline": "Funding comparability", "interpretation": "JPY 6 billion includes debt; do not label it equity or convert with an undocumented exchange rate.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_EXFUSION_A", "ALT_EXFUSION_EXT" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "hb11_risk_01", "entity_id": "hb11", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics" ], "original_dimension": "physics", "headline": "Physics", "interpretation": "Demonstrated reaction yield is far from a demonstrated self-sustaining high-gain regime; cited paper notes lack of evidence for yield-amplifying cascades in most prior experiments.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_HB11_PAPER" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "hb11_risk_02", "entity_id": "hb11", "theme_ids": [ "electrical_balance" ], "original_dimension": "driver_and_conversion", "headline": "Driver and conversion", "interpretation": "High-efficiency repetitive lasers and integrated useful-energy recovery remain necessary even if the primary fuel cycle avoids tritium breeding.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_HB11_TECH", "ALT_HB11_PROJECT" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "hb11_risk_03", "entity_id": "hb11", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "evidence_and_funding", "headline": "Evidence and funding", "interpretation": "Current cumulative company funding was not established in reviewed primary sources. Project value is not a substitute.", "source_evidence_status": "information_gap", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_HB11_PROJECT" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "fuse_risk_01", "entity_id": "fuse", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics" ], "original_dimension": "physics", "headline": "Physics", "interpretation": "Dense-plasma-focus neutron-source performance does not demonstrate the proposed MagLIF plant gain.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_FUSE_TEST", "ALT_FUSE_CONCEPT" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "fuse_risk_02", "entity_id": "fuse", "theme_ids": [ "sustained_operation" ], "original_dimension": "repetition_and_plant", "headline": "Repetition and plant", "interpretation": "Practical repetition, debris clearing, target replacement and electric conversion need system validation.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_FUSE_CONCEPT", "ALT_FUSE_HOME" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "fuse_risk_03", "entity_id": "fuse", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "business_metrics", "headline": "Business metrics", "interpretation": "Radiation-testing contracts, contract-vehicle ceilings and revenue must not be charted as fusion electricity or equity funding.", "source_evidence_status": "major_unresolved", "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "ALT_FUSE_TEST", "ALT_FUSE_HOME" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "startorus_risk_01", "entity_id": "startorus", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics" ], "original_dimension": "plasma_performance", "headline": "Substantial extrapolation from experimental operation to repetitive reactor performance.", "interpretation": "Substantial extrapolation from experimental operation to repetitive reactor performance.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "startorus_risk_02", "entity_id": "startorus", "theme_ids": [ "delivery_and_economics" ], "original_dimension": "plant_integration", "headline": "A magnet test and an equivalent-Q target leave fuel cycle, heat exhaust, maintenance and integrated electricity unproven.", "interpretation": "A magnet test and an equivalent-Q target leave fuel cycle, heat exhaust, maintenance and integrated electricity unproven.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "PAR_STARTORUS_MAGNET", "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "openstar_risk_01", "entity_id": "openstar", "theme_ids": [ "plasma_and_fuel_physics" ], "original_dimension": "plasma_performance", "headline": "Reactor-relevant confinement, temperature and gain must be shown beyond prototype operation.", "interpretation": "Reactor-relevant confinement, temperature and gain must be shown beyond prototype operation.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "PAR_OPENSTAR_PPPL" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" }, { "id": "openstar_risk_02", "entity_id": "openstar", "theme_ids": [ "materials_and_maintenance" ], "original_dimension": "materials_and_maintenance", "headline": "A superconducting magnet within the chamber creates distinctive shielding, cooling, access and lifetime requirements.", "interpretation": "A superconducting magnet within the chamber creates distinctive shielding, cooling, access and lifetime requirements.", "source_evidence_status": null, "is_interpretive": true, "is_probability": false, "source_ids": [ "PAR_OPENSTAR_PPPL", "PAR_OPENSTAR_TECH" ], "as_of": "2026-10-22" } ], "glossary": [ { "id": "plasma", "term": "Plasma", "definition": "An ionized state of matter containing free electrons and ions.", "do_not_confuse_with": "First plasma establishes operation, not fusion gain.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_003" ] }, { "id": "deuterium", "term": "Deuterium", "definition": "Hydrogen isotope whose nucleus has one proton and one neutron.", "do_not_confuse_with": "Ordinary hydrogen and tritium.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_002" ] }, { "id": "tritium", "term": "Tritium", "definition": "Radioactive hydrogen isotope with one proton and two neutrons; half-life about 12.3 years.", "do_not_confuse_with": "An abundant ready-to-use fuel reserve.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_002" ] }, { "id": "alpha", "term": "Alpha particle", "definition": "Helium-4 nucleus produced in D-T fusion; its charged-particle energy can heat the plasma.", "do_not_confuse_with": "The neutron, which carries most D-T energy and is not magnetically confined.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_001", "PHY_002" ] }, { "id": "q_plasma", "term": "Plasma gain", "definition": "Fusion power divided by external heating power delivered across the stated plasma or device boundary.", "do_not_confuse_with": "Power drawn from the grid; denominator conventions vary and must be disclosed.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006", "PHY_019" ] }, { "id": "target_gain", "term": "Target gain", "definition": "Fusion energy from one implosion divided by driver energy delivered to the target.", "do_not_confuse_with": "Wall-plug electricity, fuel-absorbed energy, or electrical output.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_009", "PHY_007" ] }, { "id": "q_fuel", "term": "Fuel gain", "definition": "Fusion output divided by energy actually coupled into the fusion fuel under a stated definition.", "do_not_confuse_with": "Target gain; much driver energy may never reach the fuel.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006" ] }, { "id": "driver_efficiency", "term": "Driver efficiency", "definition": "Energy delivered to the target or plasma divided by electrical input to the driver system.", "do_not_confuse_with": "Fusion gain; a device can improve one while the other remains low.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006" ] }, { "id": "electric_gain", "term": "Electrical gain", "definition": "For this site only: gross electrical output divided by all recirculating plant electrical consumption over the same complete interval.", "do_not_confuse_with": "Other authors may call different ratios engineering Q; always display the actual numerator and denominator.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006" ] }, { "id": "net_electricity", "term": "Net electricity", "definition": "Gross generated electrical energy minus every included plant electrical input, measured over a stated complete cycle or interval.", "do_not_confuse_with": "Momentary current, capacitor recovery, or gross generation.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006" ] }, { "id": "grid_export", "term": "Grid export", "definition": "Net electrical energy delivered at the grid connection over an interval, accounting for imports and stored-energy changes.", "do_not_confuse_with": "An isolated pulse or a signed power-purchase agreement.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006" ] }, { "id": "ignition", "term": "Ignition", "definition": "Fusion-product self-heating becomes sufficient to sustain or propagate the burn under the specified physical criterion.", "do_not_confuse_with": "A universal synonym for Q greater than 1; physical ignition and target breakeven are distinct.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_007", "PHY_011" ] }, { "id": "burning_plasma", "term": "Burning plasma", "definition": "A plasma substantially heated by its own fusion products, typically with self-heating dominating external heating.", "do_not_confuse_with": "Continuous commercial electricity generation.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_011", "PHY_020" ] }, { "id": "triple_product", "term": "Triple product", "definition": "Number density times temperature times energy confinement time, with conventions, units and averaging stated.", "do_not_confuse_with": "Pulse duration times record temperature from a different experiment.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006", "PHY_007" ] }, { "id": "confinement_time", "term": "Energy confinement time", "definition": "Characteristic time for stored plasma thermal energy to be lost; commonly W_plasma / P_loss under the stated power balance.", "do_not_confuse_with": "Total duration of a maintained plasma discharge.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006" ] }, { "id": "pulse_duration", "term": "Pulse duration", "definition": "Length of an experimental discharge or specified high-performance interval.", "do_not_confuse_with": "Energy confinement time or full power-plant availability.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_015", "PHY_017", "PHY_018" ] }, { "id": "repetition_rate", "term": "Repetition rate", "definition": "Number of complete shots or pulses per second, measured with specified driver energy and target conditions.", "do_not_confuse_with": "A one-off maximum shot rate maintained at low power.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_033", "PHY_034" ] }, { "id": "blanket", "term": "Blanket", "definition": "A surrounding reactor subsystem that may absorb energy, shield components and breed tritium.", "do_not_confuse_with": "A demonstrated fuel-self-sufficient plant simply because a blanket is drawn.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_022" ] }, { "id": "tbr", "term": "Tritium breeding ratio", "definition": "Tritium generated divided by tritium consumed under a stated neutronics and accounting boundary.", "do_not_confuse_with": "Net recoverable surplus after processing losses, decay and inventory needs.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_022", "PHY_002" ] }, { "id": "divertor", "term": "Divertor", "definition": "A magnetic-plasma exhaust region that handles escaping heat and particles.", "do_not_confuse_with": "A blanket; exhaust and neutron-heating loads are different.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_023" ] }, { "id": "hts", "term": "High temperature superconductor", "definition": "A material that remains superconducting at higher temperatures than conventional low-temperature superconductors; fusion magnets still require cryogenic cooling.", "do_not_confuse_with": "Room-temperature magnets or a guarantee of low overall plant demand.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_035", "PHY_042" ] }, { "id": "frc", "term": "Field reversed configuration", "definition": "A compact plasma configuration with magnetic-field reversal in its core and no material center column through the confined region.", "do_not_confuse_with": "A specific company, fuel or energy-conversion method.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_036", "PHY_037" ] }, { "id": "aneutronic", "term": "Aneutronic", "definition": "A description for reactions whose main products are charged particles rather than neutrons.", "do_not_confuse_with": "Zero neutron production, zero radiation, or no shielding in an operating plant.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_002" ] }, { "id": "thermal_vs_electric", "term": "MW fusion and MW electric", "definition": "Fusion power describes nuclear energy release; gross electrical output and net electrical output describe different later boundaries.", "do_not_confuse_with": "Interchangeable units just because all use MW.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_019", "PHY_006" ] } ], "power_balance": { "purpose": "Pedagogical energy accounting; no company predictions or calibrated reactor simulation.", "thermal_formulas": { "P_fusion_MW": "Q_plasma * P_heating_delivered_MW", "P_gross_MWe": "eta_electric * capture_fraction * P_fusion_MW", "P_driver_MWe": "P_heating_delivered_MW / eta_driver", "P_net_MWe": "P_gross_MWe - P_driver_MWe - P_aux_MWe", "Q_electric_site_definition": "P_gross_MWe / (P_driver_MWe + P_aux_MWe)", "Q_plasma_for_zero_net": "(1/eta_driver + P_aux_MWe/P_heating_delivered_MW) / (eta_electric*capture_fraction)" }, "thermal_default_teaching_case": { "P_heating_delivered_MW": 50, "Q_plasma": 10, "eta_driver": 0.5, "capture_fraction": 1, "eta_electric": 0.4, "P_aux_MWe": 50, "outputs": { "P_fusion_MW": 500, "P_gross_MWe": 200, "P_driver_MWe": 100, "P_net_MWe": 50 } }, "thermal_sensitivity_case": { "change": "eta_driver from 0.5 to 0.25", "P_net_MWe": -50, "message": "Same plasma Q = 10; different electrical balance." }, "icf_formulas": { "P_fusion_MW": "E_driver_delivered_MJ * target_gain * repetition_Hz", "P_driver_MWe": "E_driver_delivered_MJ * repetition_Hz / eta_driver", "P_gross_MWe": "P_fusion_MW * capture_fraction * eta_electric", "P_net_MWe": "P_gross_MWe - P_driver_MWe - P_aux_MWe", "targets_per_operating_day": "repetition_Hz * 86400", "target_cost_USD_per_MWh": "3600 * repetition_Hz * target_cost_USD / P_net_MWe; defined only when net is positive" }, "icf_teaching_case": { "E_driver_delivered_MJ": 10, "target_gain": 30, "repetition_Hz": 10, "eta_driver": 0.2, "capture_fraction": 1, "eta_electric": 0.4, "P_aux_MWe": 100, "outputs": { "P_fusion_MW": 3000, "P_driver_MWe": 500, "P_gross_MWe": 1200, "P_net_MWe": 600, "targets_per_operating_day": 864000, "target_cost_USD_per_MWh_if_target_cost_1USD": 60 } }, "direct_recovery_accounting": { "formula": "E_net_per_complete_cycle = E_electric_returned - E_electric_supplied - E_auxiliary", "example": { "draw_MJ": 100, "return_MJ": 102, "auxiliary_MJ": 3, "net_MJ": -1 }, "required_condition": "Same initial/final stored-energy state; full power-electronics and plant boundary." }, "limitations": [ "No recovery credit for externally supplied heating energy.", "No blanket energy multiplication or detailed nuclear heating model.", "No transient balance, storage dynamics, maintenance, capital costs or rate-dependent efficiencies.", "Inputs are independent for teaching but physically coupled in real designs.", "NIF laboratory wall-plug efficiency must never be replaced by a hypothetical commercial-driver assumption.", "Negative net output must remain negative in plots.", "Reject zero or negative driver efficiency; zero conversion or capture is valid and produces zero gross output. At zero heating, finite Q cannot represent an ignited plasma with finite fusion output." ], "source_ids": [ "PHY_006", "PHY_007", "PHY_019", "PHY_037" ], "auxiliary_boundary": "All non-driver plant loads. The driver demand calculated separately must not be included again.", "inertia_attributed_model": { "evidence_type": "simplified_company_model", "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_PHASE1" ], "laser_energy_MJ": 10, "repetition_Hz": 10, "laser_efficiency": 0.12, "thermal_efficiency": 0.45, "other_energy_per_shot_MJ": 5, "formula": "P_net_MW = repetition_Hz * (thermal_efficiency * target_gain * laser_energy_MJ - laser_energy_MJ / laser_efficiency - other_energy_per_shot_MJ)", "examples": [ { "target_gain": 25, "laser_efficiency": 0.12, "calculated_net_MW": 241.6667, "company_rounded_net_MW": 250 }, { "target_gain": 40, "laser_efficiency": 0.12, "calculated_net_MW": 916.6667, "company_rounded_net_MW": 900, "company_operator": "greater_than" }, { "target_gain": 40, "laser_efficiency": 0.15, "calculated_net_MW": 1083.3333, "company_rounded_net_MW": 1085 } ], "notes": [ "Arithmetic using the rounded source assumptions differs slightly from company rounded examples.", "Illustrative steady-running balance, not measured plant performance or a complete plant engineering model.", "Do not force this model to reproduce the separate gain 18/30/45 FAQ scenarios; source assumptions and versions differ." ] }, "inertia_faq_version": [ { "target_gain": 18, "net_grid_MW": 50, "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_GAIN" ], "evidence_type": "company_model", "warning": "Requires company-specific plant assumptions; not experimentally demonstrated." }, { "target_gain": 30, "net_grid_MW": 500, "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_GAIN" ], "evidence_type": "company_model" }, { "target_gain": 45, "net_grid_MW": 1500, "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_GAIN" ], "evidence_type": "company_model" } ], "inertia_model_version_note": "The live FAQ18/30/45 scenarios and newer >25–43 simulations with 250–1300 MWe estimates use different model snapshots. Do not fit them into one universal line. Preserve source and version labels.", "icf_sensitivity_case": { "change": "eta_driver from 0.2 to 0.1 with other teaching inputs unchanged", "P_net_MWe": 100 }, "reaction_energy_split": { "fuel": "D-T", "alpha_MeV": 3.5, "neutron_MeV": 14.1, "total_MeV": 17.6, "source_ids": [ "PHY_044" ], "note": "Initial reaction products, not electricity conversion fractions." } }, "sector_context": [ { "id": "fia_2026", "title": "FIA 2026 survey", "metric": "declared_cumulative_funding", "value": 14240000000, "currency": "USD", "cohort_companies": 56, "period_end": "2026-Q2", "annual_value": 4480000000, "scope": "Voluntary industry-company responses; includes disclosed commitments and heterogeneous funding; not an audited cash balance or complete census.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_FIA_RELEASE" ] }, { "id": "f4e_2026", "title": "F4E five-actor comparison", "period_start": "2022", "period_end": "2025", "metric": "identified_mobilised_or_committed_public_and_private_funding", "values": [ { "actor": "United States", "amount": 7380000000 }, { "actor": "China", "amount": 6940000000 }, { "actor": "European Union", "amount": 3340000000 }, { "actor": "United Kingdom", "amount": 1490000000 }, { "actor": "Japan", "amount": 1210000000 } ], "currency": "EUR", "scope": "Includes public funding, ITER in-kind and private capital within a fixed window. Do not add to, subtract from, or directly rank against FIA cumulative company totals.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_F4E_RELEASE", "PAR_F4E_REPORT" ] } ], "metrics": [ { "id": "target_gain", "label": "Target gain", "unit": "ratio", "definition": "Fusion energy divided by driver energy delivered at the specified target boundary.", "compatible_record_group": "same_target_boundary", "guardrail": "Not electrical gain; preserve driver type and denominator.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006", "PHY_009" ] }, { "id": "plasma_gain_peak", "label": "Peak plasma gain", "unit": "ratio", "definition": "Peak fusion power divided by the declared external plasma-heating power.", "compatible_record_group": "peak_plasma_gain", "guardrail": "Peak values are not necessarily sustained; heating electricity lies outside this denominator.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_019", "PHY_020" ] }, { "id": "fusion_energy", "label": "Fusion energy per discharge", "unit": "MJ", "definition": "Fusion energy integrated over the stated discharge interval.", "compatible_record_group": "fusion_energy_per_discharge", "guardrail": "An energy quantity is not power or electricity.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_013", "PHY_014" ] }, { "id": "h_mode_duration", "label": "H-mode duration", "unit": "s", "definition": "Duration in the source-specified high-confinement regime.", "compatible_record_group": "h_mode_duration", "guardrail": "Show facility, fuel and conditions; it is not energy-confinement time or a universal gain rank.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_016", "PHY_017" ] }, { "id": "plasma_duration", "label": "Plasma discharge duration", "unit": "s", "definition": "Duration of the reported maintained plasma discharge.", "compatible_record_group": "plasma_duration", "guardrail": "Externally supplied heating is not fusion yield.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_018" ] }, { "id": "ion_temperature_duration", "label": "Duration above stated ion temperature", "unit": "s", "definition": "Time for which the stated ion-temperature threshold was maintained.", "compatible_record_group": "ion_temperature_duration", "guardrail": "Do not replace ion temperature with electron temperature or combine separate campaign maxima.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_017" ] }, { "id": "high_triple_product_duration", "label": "High-performance interval", "unit": "s", "definition": "Duration of the specific high-triple-product operating interval reported by the facility.", "compatible_record_group": "source_specific_high_performance_interval", "guardrail": "Not a universal maximum triple product, total pulse duration or energy-confinement time.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_015" ] } ], "evidence_categories": [ { "id": "experimental_result", "label": "Experimental result", "note": "A source reports measured behavior; consult scope, conditions, diagnostics and provenance." }, { "id": "model_or_design", "label": "Model or design", "note": "A calculation, simulation or design publication; not an experimental result." }, { "id": "predecessor_evidence", "label": "Related experimental heritage", "note": "Result belongs to a different facility or organization, with transfer limits." }, { "id": "engineering_progress", "label": "Engineering progress", "note": "Construction, integration or component-development progress with a stated scope." }, { "id": "reported_status", "label": "Reported status", "note": "Institutional or company summary that must retain its wording and limits." }, { "id": "organization_event", "label": "Organization or strategy event", "note": "A financing, agreement or roadmap event, not physical performance." }, { "id": "target", "label": "Announced target", "note": "A future objective; a passed date never automatically changes its status." } ], "risk_themes": [ { "id": "plasma_and_fuel_physics", "label": "Plasma and fuel physics", "question": "Can the intended fuel and configuration reach useful performance?", "dimension_ids": [ "fuel_physics", "confinement_gain" ] }, { "id": "electrical_balance", "label": "Electrical balance", "question": "Does the complete plant return more electricity than it consumes?", "dimension_ids": [ "heating_driver", "conversion" ] }, { "id": "sustained_operation", "label": "Sustained or repeated operation", "question": "Can the process sustain or repeat at power-plant duty?", "dimension_ids": [ "repetition", "heat_exhaust" ] }, { "id": "fuel_cycle", "label": "Fuel cycle", "question": "Can the plant obtain, process and replenish fuel at its own operating rate?", "dimension_ids": [ "fuel_cycle" ] }, { "id": "materials_and_maintenance", "label": "Materials and maintenance", "question": "Can components survive, be replaced and permit useful availability?", "dimension_ids": [ "materials", "maintenance" ] }, { "id": "delivery_and_economics", "label": "Delivery and economics", "question": "Can the complete facility be financed, built, permitted and operated economically?", "dimension_ids": [ "integration", "financing_economics", "licensing_siting", "evidence_quality" ] } ], "amount_operator_labels": { "=": { "prefix": "", "label": "Reported amount" }, ">": { "prefix": "More than", "label": "Lower-bound statement" }, "<=": { "prefix": "Up to", "label": "Announced ceiling" }, "nearly": { "prefix": "Nearly", "label": "Approximate amount below the anchor" }, "approximately": { "prefix": "About", "label": "Approximate amount" } }, "evidence_states": [ "demonstrated_relevant_conditions", "partial_demonstration", "modeled", "announced_target", "not_publicly_established", "not_applicable" ], "quality_notes": [ { "id": "not_census", "note": "Curated coverage, selected for architecture, evidence, prior discussion and disclosed milestones. Inclusion is not endorsement. Absence is not failure." }, { "id": "records_selection", "note": "The records are selected published results, not every shot or every world record. A running maximum is titled Best gain among included shots." }, { "id": "nif_2025_oct_discrepancy", "note": "LLNL lists 3.5 MJ / 2.065 MJ and target gain 1.74 for 1 October 2025; arithmetic gives about 1.695. Preserve the source discrepancy and exclude the point from the plotted gain dataset pending clarification.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_009" ] }, { "id": "funding_no_total", "note": "Do not sum rounds, cumulative totals, grants, debt, commitments and cash snapshots. No all-company funding ranking is computed." }, { "id": "coords", "note": "Coordinates are approximate city/locality navigation aids, not verified facility positions. Entity headquarters and project sites are distinct records." }, { "id": "date_precision", "note": "Publication/reporting dates are distinguished from event dates. Fuzzy windows retain wording; no invented exact deadlines." }, { "id": "no_probabilities", "note": "Risk interpretations describe unresolved requirements. They are neither calibrated success probabilities nor investment recommendations." }, { "id": "source_review", "note": "Last reviewed dates record this research pass, not independent replication, continuous monitoring or proof that all public information has been found." }, { "id": "current_state", "note": "Public projects have unequal refresh depth. JT-60SA first plasma is dated historical evidence; its current campaign state was not independently refreshed." } ], "sources": [ { "id": "PHY_001", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsfusion-reactions", "title": "DOE Explains Fusion Reactions", "publisher": "US Department of Energy", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "government_explainer", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Fusion of suitable light nuclei releases energy through a mass difference.", "D-T is a central terrestrial fuel choice." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_002", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsdeuterium-tritium-fusion-fuel", "title": "DOE Explains Deuterium Tritium Fusion Fuel", "publisher": "US Department of Energy", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "government_explainer", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Deuterium has one proton and one neutron; tritium has one proton and two neutrons.", "Tritium is scarce and radioactive; lithium breeding and isotope supply chains are development challenges.", "Advanced fuel reactions require higher ion temperatures than D-T." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_003", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsplasma-confinement", "title": "DOE Explains Plasma Confinement", "publisher": "US Department of Energy", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "government_explainer", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Magnetic fields and fuel inertia are distinct laboratory confinement strategies.", "Use for stable mechanism facts only; page contains obsolete first-burning-plasma wording." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_004", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainstokamaks", "title": "DOE Explains Tokamaks", "publisher": "US Department of Energy", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "government_explainer", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Tokamaks combine magnetic fields around a torus with a plasma current.", "T-1 began operating in 1958.", "Use event-specific sources for records rather than stale records on this page." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_005", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsstellarators", "title": "DOE Explains Stellarators", "publisher": "US Department of Energy", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "government_explainer", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Stellarators create the confining three-dimensional field with external magnets.", "Coil manufacturing complexity trades against reduced need for sustained plasma current." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_006", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.10954", "title": "Progress toward fusion energy breakeven and gain as measured against the Lawson criterion", "publisher": "Wurzel and Hsu; Physics of Plasmas", "published_date": "2022-06", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "peer_reviewed_review", "access_quality": "abstract_and_publisher_search", "claims": [ "Different gain boundaries must be kept distinct.", "Lawson and triple-product comparisons are physics metrics, not complete measures of commercial viability." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_007", "url": "https://arxiv.org/html/2505.03834v6", "title": "Continuing progress toward fusion energy breakeven and gain as measured against the Lawson criteria", "publisher": "Wurzel and Hsu; Physics of Plasmas", "published_date": "2025-11", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "peer_reviewed_review", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Updated scientific gain and triple-product data distinguish direct and indirect laser drive.", "Ignition is not a universal requirement across all approaches; ICF requires it for high gain.", "ICF stagnation-time normalization differs from MCF energy confinement.", "Version v6 dated 6 November 2025; rendered document also shows an inconsistent later manuscript date." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_008", "url": "https://github.com/swurzel/lawson-criterion-paper", "title": "Lawson criterion paper figures and data", "publisher": "Samuel E Wurzel", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "author_data_repository", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Author-provided analysis code and datasets; repository shows MIT license.", "Optional future quantitative physics chart should retain definitions and attribution." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_009", "url": "https://lmf.llnl.gov/science/achieving-fusion-ignition", "title": "Achieving Fusion Ignition", "publisher": "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "laboratory_results", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "First target gain greater than one on 5 December 2022.", "Record listed: 8.6 ± 0.45 MJ yield, 2.08 MJ laser input, gain 4.13 on 7 April 2025.", "Latest listed ignition: 7.9 ± 0.4 MJ, gain about 3.8 on 20 June 2026.", "The listed October 2025 yield/input/gain do not divide exactly; retain discrepancy." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_010", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-national-laboratory-makes-history-achieving-fusion-ignition", "title": "DOE National Laboratory Makes History by Achieving Fusion Ignition", "publisher": "US Department of Energy", "published_date": "2022-12", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "government_result_announcement", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "NIF December 5 2022 shot: 3.15 MJ fusion from 2.05 MJ laser energy delivered to target.", "Not facility electrical breakeven.", "Page date displays December 12 while announcement is widely dated December 13; event date is unambiguous." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_011", "url": "https://www.llnl.gov/article/48866/three-peer-reviewed-papers-highlight-scientific-results-national-ignition-facility-record", "title": "Three peer reviewed papers highlight scientific results of NIF record yield shot", "publisher": "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory", "published_date": "2022-08-08", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "laboratory_paper_summary", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "August 8 2021 experiment achieved physical ignition with yield over 1.3 MJ, before target energy breakeven.", "Physical ignition and target gain greater than one are different milestones." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_012", "url": "https://lmf.llnl.gov/news/target-breakthrough-enabled-fusion-record-nif", "title": "Target Breakthrough Enabled Fusion Record at NIF", "publisher": "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory", "published_date": "2026-04-15", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "laboratory_result_explanation", "access_quality": "primary_search_excerpt", "claims": [ "April 2025 NIF record came from improved target design.", "A 2026 article can describe a 2025 experiment; preserve both dates." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_013", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/jets-final-tritium-experiments-yield-new-fusion-energy-record", "title": "JET final tritium experiments yield new fusion energy record", "publisher": "UK Atomic Energy Authority", "published_date": "2024-02-08", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "government_result_announcement", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "2023 campaign produced approximately 69 MJ over approximately five seconds.", "JET completed its scientific operations in December 2023." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_014", "url": "https://www.ipp.mpg.de/5405892/jet_rekord_2024", "title": "Energy record JET", "publisher": "Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics", "published_date": "2024-02-08", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "laboratory_result_announcement", "access_quality": "primary_search_excerpt", "claims": [ "JET record experiment occurred on 3 October 2023, with a discharge duration of 5.2 seconds." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_015", "url": "https://www.ipp.mpg.de/5532945/w7x", "title": "Wendelstein 7-X sets new performance records in fusion research", "publisher": "Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics", "published_date": "2025-06-03", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "laboratory_result_announcement", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "May 22 2025 W7-X sustained high triple product for 43 seconds.", "Record is for long plasma durations, not highest triple product of every device at every duration.", "Hydrogen pellets and microwave heating sustained the discharge." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_016", "url": "https://english.cas.cn/head/202501/t20250121_899060.shtml", "title": "Chinese Artificial Sun Sets Milestone Record towards Fusion Power Generation", "publisher": "Chinese Academy of Sciences", "published_date": "2025-01-21", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "laboratory_result_announcement", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "EAST high-confinement plasma lasted 1066 seconds on January 20 2025.", "This is a plasma-operation result, not a report of net fusion electricity." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_017", "url": "https://www.nst.re.kr/www/selectBbsNttView.do?bbsNo=12&key=52&nttNo=42720", "title": "Green light for long duration fusion plasma operation technology", "publisher": "National Research Council of Science and Technology and Korea Institute of Fusion Energy", "published_date": "2024-03-20", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "government_institute_result_announcement", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "KSTAR achieved ion temperature of 100 million Celsius for 48 seconds in December 2023 to February 2024 campaign.", "Separate H-mode duration was 102 seconds." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_018", "url": "https://irfm.cea.fr/en/2025/02/west-sets-a-new-plasma-duration-record/", "title": "WEST sets a new plasma duration record", "publisher": "CEA Institute for Magnetic Fusion Research", "published_date": "2025-02-19", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "laboratory_result_announcement", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "WEST hydrogen discharge lasted 1337 seconds on February 12 2025.", "2.6 GJ was injected and extracted heating energy, not fusion energy yield.", "Record campaign used about 2 MW lower-hybrid heating; improved-confinement operation was a subsequent aim." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_019", "url": "https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/what-will-iter-do", "title": "What will ITER do", "publisher": "ITER Organization", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "project_official", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Design objective is 500 MW fusion power from 50 MW external heating, plasma Q at least 10.", "ITER will not generate electricity." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_020", "url": "https://www.iter.org/few-lines", "title": "In a Few Lines", "publisher": "ITER Organization", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "project_official", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "ITER is a multinational experiment in southern France.", "Revised baseline distinguishes research start, full magnetic operation, and D-T phase.", "Public project costs include in-kind contributions and are unlike company fundraising." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_021", "url": "https://www.ipp.mpg.de/5434926/ITER_baseline_2024", "title": "The implications of the new ITER schedule", "publisher": "Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics", "published_date": "2024-07-03", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "project_institutional_update", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Research start 2034; full magnetic energy 2036; D-T operations 2039 under updated plan.", "These are targets, not achieved events." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_022", "url": "https://www.iter.org/machine/supporting-systems/tritium-breeding", "title": "Tritium Breeding", "publisher": "ITER Organization", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "project_official", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "ITER plans test blanket modules rather than a complete self-sufficient breeding plant.", "A power plant must breed and recover tritium and convert heat into useful output." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_023", "url": "https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/making-it-work", "title": "Making fusion work", "publisher": "ITER Organization", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "project_explainer", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Heat exhaust, fuel cycle, materials and integration remain engineering challenges." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_024", "url": "https://fusionforenergy.europa.eu/news/eu-invest-ifmif-dones-fusion-facility/", "title": "European Union to invest 202 million EUR to IFMIF-DONES", "publisher": "Fusion for Energy", "published_date": "2025-07-14", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "public_funding_announcement", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "EU investment of EUR202 million, around one quarter of project cost, approved July 2025.", "Facility in Granada will irradiate fusion materials using an accelerator neutron source." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_025", "url": "https://ifmif-dones.es/", "title": "IFMIF-DONES official project", "publisher": "IFMIF-DONES", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "project_official", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "DONES is a neutron source for fusion materials research.", "Official October 2026 updates show continuing construction and supply agreements." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_026", "url": "https://www.iter.org/whatsnew/398", "title": "ITER Newsline 398", "publisher": "ITER Organization", "published_date": "2023-10-30", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "institutional_news", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "JT-60SA achieved first plasma October 23 2023 at Naka, Japan." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_027", "url": "https://www.pppl.gov/about/history", "title": "History", "publisher": "Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "laboratory_history", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Stellarator project began in 1951; magnetic research declassified in 1958.", "TFTR conducted D-T experiments in the 1990s." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_028", "url": "https://www.pppl.gov/posts/2026/symmetric-tokamak-1970-1974", "title": "Symmetric Tokamak 1970 to 1974", "publisher": "Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory", "published_date": "2026-05-29", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "laboratory_history", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "British confirmation of Soviet tokamak results led to 1969 conversion of Princeton Model C.", "First US tokamak experiments began May 1 1970." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_029", "url": "https://www.iter.org/fusion-energy/60-years-progress", "title": "60 years of progress", "publisher": "ITER Organization", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "institutional_history", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "1968 Soviet tokamak results shifted the field; ASDEX discovered H-mode in 1982.", "JET D-T experiments occurred in 1991 and Q about 0.67 in 1997.", "Use stable history only; some record statements on this page are obsolete." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_030", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/133413a0", "title": "Transmutation Effects observed with Heavy Hydrogen", "publisher": "Oliphant Harteck Rutherford; Nature", "published_date": "1934", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "original_research_historical", "access_quality": "bibliographic_metadata_only_full_text_blocked", "claims": [ "1934 laboratory heavy-hydrogen fusion paper." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_031", "url": "https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.55.434", "title": "Energy Production in Stars", "publisher": "Hans Bethe; Physical Review", "published_date": "1939-03-01", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "original_research_historical", "access_quality": "bibliographic_metadata_only", "claims": [ "1939 stellar nuclear energy paper." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_032", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1301/70/1/303", "title": "Some Criteria for a Power Producing Thermonuclear Reactor", "publisher": "J D Lawson; Proceedings of the Physical Society B", "published_date": "1957", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "original_research_historical", "access_quality": "bibliographic_metadata_only_full_text_blocked", "claims": [ "Published power-producing reactor criteria in 1957." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_033", "url": "https://www.sandia.gov/research/publications/details/an-overview-of-magneto-inertial-fusion-on-the-z-machine-at-sandia-national-2022-04-01/", "title": "An overview of magneto inertial fusion on the Z Machine at Sandia National Laboratories", "publisher": "Sandia National Laboratories", "published_date": "2022-04-01", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "research_publication_abstract", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "MagLIF combines axial fuel magnetization, laser preheat and electrically driven liner compression.", "Its roles include research and stockpile stewardship, not operating commercial electricity generation." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_034", "url": "https://www.lle.rochester.edu/inertial-confinement-fusion/", "title": "Inertial Confinement Fusion", "publisher": "University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "laboratory_explainer", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Direct drive illuminates a target directly instead of heating a hohlraum.", "Target compression, diagnostics and laser-plasma interactions are research subjects." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_035", "url": "https://wham.physics.wisc.edu/", "title": "Wisconsin HTS Axisymmetric Mirror", "publisher": "University of Wisconsin Madison", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "project_official", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "WHAM at Stoughton is a public-private mirror experiment with 17 T HTS end magnets.", "First plasma July15 2024; initial ARPA-E grant of 10 million dollars awarded in 2020." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_036", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-58849-5", "title": "Generation of field reversed configurations via neutral beam injection", "publisher": "TAE research authors; Nature Communications", "published_date": "2025-04-12", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "peer_reviewed_experiment", "access_quality": "publisher_abstract_search_full_text_blocked", "claims": [ "Norm forms FRC plasmas with neutral beams rather than needing the earlier two-ended theta-pinch formation method." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_037", "url": "https://www.helionenergy.com/technology", "title": "Helion technology", "publisher": "Helion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_technology_description", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Intended scheme merges and compresses FRC plasmas and directly recovers energy inductively.", "Technology animations describe the intended plant process; not independent proof of whole-plant net gain.", "Helion proposes pulsed FRC merging and magnetic compression with inductive electricity recovery. Its commercial fuel objective is D-He3, with helium-3 production incorporated into the fuel strategy." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [ "MAG_HELION_TECH" ] }, { "id": "PHY_038", "url": "https://www.zapenergy.com/technologies/fusion", "title": "Fusion Technology", "publisher": "Zap Energy", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_technology_description", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Sheared axial flow stabilizes a current-compressed plasma column.", "Liquid-metal cooling and rapid repetition are planned plant features." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_039", "url": "https://generalfusion.com/our-fusion-technology/what-sets-mtf-apart/", "title": "What Sets Magnetized Target Fusion Apart", "publisher": "General Fusion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_technology_description", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Intended MTF plant compresses magnetized plasma using a liquid-metal system.", "Liquid-metal protection, tritium breeding and heat recovery remain proposed integrated plant advantages." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_040", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/02/26/2026-03865/regulatory-framework-for-fusion-machines", "title": "Regulatory Framework for Fusion Machines", "publisher": "US Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Federal Register", "published_date": "2026-02-26", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "proposed_regulation", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Proposal augments byproduct-material framework for fusion machines.", "A proposal and planned completion date do not establish that a final rule is in force." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_041", "url": "https://www.nrc.gov/materials/fusion/rulemaking-status", "title": "Fusion Machine Rulemaking Status", "publisher": "US Nuclear Regulatory Commission", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "regulator_status", "access_quality": "primary_search_excerpt_full_text_forbidden", "claims": [ "Current official indexed status still references February 26, 2026 proposed rule.", "Do not infer finalization from a planned October deadline." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_042", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/documents/fusion-science-and-technology-roadmap", "title": "Fusion Science and Technology Roadmap", "publisher": "US Department of Energy", "published_date": "2026-06", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "government_technical_roadmap", "access_quality": "opened_text", "claims": [ "Materials, plasma-facing components, confinement, fuel cycle, blankets and integrated plant engineering are core challenge areas.", "Roadmap is strategy rather than a commitment to specific appropriations." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_043", "url": "https://www.iter.org/faqs?thematic=75", "title": "Fusion Safety and Environment FAQs", "publisher": "ITER Organization", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "project_safety_explainer", "access_quality": "primary_search_excerpt", "claims": [ "Fusion devices can produce activated materials and contain radioactive tritium.", "Safety depends on inventories, materials and engineering, even without a fission chain reaction." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_CFS_FUND_2026", "url": "https://www.cfs.energy/news-and-media/commonwealth-fusion-systems-raises-another-1-billion-bringing-total-capital-raised-to-4-billion/", "title": "Commonwealth Fusion Systems raises another $1 billion, bringing total capital raised to $4 billion", "publisher": "Commonwealth Fusion Systems", "published_date": "2026-07-30", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "An additional $1 billion brings reported capital raised to $4 billion; this is financing, not ARC power-sale revenue." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_CFS_SPARC", "url": "https://cfs.energy/technology/sparc/", "title": "SPARC", "publisher": "Commonwealth Fusion Systems", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "SPARC is being assembled in Devens, Massachusetts; its stated 2027 objective is plasma Q greater than one. It is an experiment preceding ARC." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_CFS_ARC", "url": "https://cfs.energy/technology/arc/", "title": "ARC", "publisher": "Commonwealth Fusion Systems", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The first ARC is planned in Chesterfield County, Virginia, with about 400 MW delivered to the grid in the early 2030s. D-T fusion heat feeds a thermal cycle; the blanket also produces tritium." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_CFS_MAGNET", "url": "https://cfs.energy/technology/hts-magnets/", "title": "High-temperature superconducting magnets", "publisher": "Commonwealth Fusion Systems", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "CFS and MIT demonstrated a large-bore 20-tesla magnet in 2021. This was a magnet achievement, not a fusion-gain demonstration." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_HELION_FUND", "url": "https://www.helionenergy.com/newsroom/helion-raises-465-million-series-g-funding-round-to-meet-surging-global-demand-for-power", "title": "Helion raises $465 million Series G funding round to meet surging global demand for power", "publisher": "Helion", "published_date": "2026-06-04", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "verification_note": "Live article updated September 2026; do not add original and final round amounts.", "claims": [ "The original Series G announcement reported $465 million and $1.5 billion cumulative funding. A September 2026 update gives a $500 million final close for that same round." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_HELION_POLARIS", "url": "https://www.helionenergy.com/polaris", "title": "Polaris", "publisher": "Helion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "verification_note": "Critical energy-boundary correction: the stated objective is not whole-plant net electricity, and this page alone does not establish that its revised objective has been achieved.", "claims": [ "Polaris lists D-D, D-T and D-He3 fuels. Its current goal concerns conversion of some fusion-origin energy into capacitor-bank electricity. The page explicitly discontinues the older net-electricity formulation." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_HELION_ORION", "url": "https://www.helionenergy.com/orion", "title": "Orion", "publisher": "Helion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Orion is under construction in Malaga, Washington; the company targets initial operations in 2028 and a 50 MW Microsoft supply commitment." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_HELION_POLARIS_RESULTS", "url": "https://www.helionenergy.com/newsroom/helion-achieves-new-fusion-energy-milestones", "title": "Helion achieves new fusion energy milestones", "publisher": "Helion", "published_date": "2026-02-13", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Helion reported January 2026 D-T fusion in Polaris and plasma temperatures of 150 million degrees Celsius. These claims do not establish a positive plant electricity balance." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_HELION_CHIPS", "url": "https://www.helionenergy.com/newsroom/helion-signs-letter-of-intent-for-175-million-chips-award-to-advance-semiconductor-fusion-energy", "title": "Helion signs letter of intent for $175 million CHIPS award to advance semiconductor fusion energy", "publisher": "Helion", "published_date": "2026-10-22", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The Commerce Department LOI covers up to $175 million subject to a definitive award, with a non-voting equity interest for government. An additional $50 million private investment is planned, not reported closed." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_TAE_FUND", "url": "https://tae.com/tae-technologies-raises-150-million-in-latest-funding-round/", "title": "TAE Technologies raises $150 million in latest funding round", "publisher": "TAE Technologies", "published_date": "2025-06-02", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "TAE announced more than $150 million in equity financing and more than $1.3 billion in cumulative equity capital." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_TAE_ROADMAP", "url": "https://tae.com/tae-shortens-device-roadmap-prepares-for-commercial-era/", "title": "TAE shortens device roadmap, prepares for commercial era", "publisher": "TAE Technologies", "published_date": "2025-11-17", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "TAE announced it would omit Copernicus and proceed toward Da Vinci after simplifying FRC formation using neutral beams. Skipping a device is a roadmap decision, not a demonstrated power milestone." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_TAE_NATURE", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40221407/", "title": "Generation of field-reversed configurations via neutral beam injection", "publisher": "Nature Communications / PubMed", "published_date": "2025-04-12", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "peer_reviewed_experiment", "verification_note": "PubMed abstract read; full Nature and PMC versions were blocked during retrieval. DOI 10.1038/s41467-025-58849-5.", "claims": [ "Roche and colleagues reported neutral-beam-driven field reversal from a seed plasma in roughly ten milliseconds. The paper concerns FRC formation, not plant-level energy gain." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_TAE_FUEL", "url": "https://tae.com/faq-fusion/", "title": "Fusion FAQ", "publisher": "TAE Technologies", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The preferred commercial fuel is hydrogen-boron-11. TAE describes capturing emitted energy as heat for a conventional thermal electricity cycle." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_TAE_HE3", "url": "https://tae.com/tae-technologies-and-black-moon-energy-corporation-enter-into-strategic-helium-3-supply-and-commercialization-agreement-for-fusion-power/", "title": "TAE Technologies and Black Moon Energy Corporation enter into strategic helium-3 supply and commercialization agreement for fusion power", "publisher": "TAE Technologies", "published_date": "2026-08-05", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "verification_note": "Treat the 2031 operations statement as a dated company target; a later SEC filing search extract used different sequencing and full filing could not be reviewed.", "claims": [ "The helium-3 agreement is an additional potential fuel option. This release states a 50 MWe Da Vinci plant with operations expected in 2031 and an as-yet unselected site." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_TAE_DEBT", "url": "https://tae.com/tae-technologies-advances-site-evaluation-process-with-multi-state-visits-ahead-of-first-fusion-power-plant/", "title": "TAE Technologies advances site evaluation process with multi-state visits ahead of first fusion power plant", "publisher": "TAE Technologies", "published_date": "2026-03-26", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "TAE confirms $200 million provided under a convertible promissory note; another $100 million is available after Form S-4 filing. Availability does not prove drawdown." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_TAE_MERGER", "url": "https://tae.com/trump-media-technology-group-and-tae-technologies-file-form-s-4-registration-statement-for-proposed-merger/", "title": "Trump Media & Technology Group and TAE Technologies file Form S-4 registration statement for proposed merger", "publisher": "TAE Technologies", "published_date": "2026-09-30", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "A Form S-4 was filed for the proposed merger. Filing is not closing, and the all-stock transaction should not be counted as cash raised." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_TE_FUND", "url": "https://tokamakenergy.com/2024/11/20/tokamak-energy-raises-125m-to-commercialise-transformative-fusion-and-magnet-technologies/", "title": "Tokamak Energy raises $125m to commercialise transformative fusion and magnet technologies", "publisher": "Tokamak Energy", "published_date": "2024-11-20", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The $125 million round brought reported financing to $335 million, comprising $275 million private investment and $60 million UK/US government funding." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_TE_DEMO4", "url": "https://tokamakenergy.com/2026/09/09/tokamak-energy-completes-world-leading-fusion-magnet-campaign-validating-technology-for-commercial-hts-systems/", "title": "Tokamak Energy completes fusion magnet campaign validating technology for commercial HTS systems", "publisher": "Tokamak Energy", "published_date": "2026-09-09", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Demo4 completed a fourteen-month campaign with peak field 13.7 T and about 10,000 hours in varying energized states. Its £70 million STEP magnet contract is not an equity round." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_TE_ST40", "url": "https://tokamakenergy.com/2023/02/28/institute-of-physics-marks-tokamak-energys-record-100-million-degrees-fusion-plasma/", "title": "Institute of Physics marks Tokamak Energy’s record 100 million degrees fusion plasma", "publisher": "Tokamak Energy", "published_date": "2023-02-28", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "ST40 achieved ion temperatures above 100 million degrees Celsius in 2022; the result was subsequently peer reviewed. Temperature alone is not fusion gain." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_TE_US", "url": "https://tokamakenergy.com/usa/", "title": "Tokamak Energy U.S.", "publisher": "Tokamak Energy", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The planned D-T HTS pilot design specifies 800 MW fusion and 85 MW net electricity, targeting the 2030s through DOE’s milestone programme." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_TYPEONE_FUND", "url": "https://typeoneenergy.com/insights-announcements/type-one-energy-completes-200m-series-b-financing/", "title": "Type One Energy completes $200m Series B financing", "publisher": "Type One Energy", "published_date": "2026-10-06", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Type One announced a $200 million Series B to advance Infinity One and Infinity Two; the latter is described as a 400 MWe project at TVA’s Bull Run site." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_TYPEONE_TECH", "url": "https://typeoneenergy.com/our-technology/", "title": "Our technology", "publisher": "Type One Energy", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Infinity One is an engineering verification platform targeted for 2029 commissioning. Infinity Two is a D-T stellarator design with 800 MW fusion power and 400 MWe intended grid output." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_PROXIMA_FUND", "url": "https://www.proximafusion.com/press-news/proxima-fusion-raises-eu411-million-to-build-europes-commercial-fusion-champion", "title": "Proxima Fusion raises €411 million to build Europe’s commercial fusion champion", "publisher": "Proxima Fusion", "published_date": "2026-07-07", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The €411 million round was given as $468 million. Reported funding exceeded €650 million ($740 million), including €95 million public grants. Bavaria’s separate €400 million commitment must not be silently added to secured funds." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_PROXIMA_ALPHA", "url": "https://www.proximafusion.com/program/alpha", "title": "Alpha", "publisher": "Proxima Fusion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Alpha is planned for Garching near Munich, targeting plasma Q above one in the early 2030s. It is not the grid-power plant." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_PROXIMA_STELLARIS", "url": "https://www.proximafusion.com/program/stellaris", "title": "Stellaris", "publisher": "Proxima Fusion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Stellaris is the later grid-power project planned at Gundremmingen, Germany, in the 2030s." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_PROXIMA_PAPER", "url": "https://www.proximafusion.com/press-news/proxima-fusion-and-partners-publish-stellaris-fusion-power-plant-concept-to-bring-limitless-safe-clean-energy-to-the-grid", "title": "Proxima Fusion and partners publish Stellaris fusion power plant concept", "publisher": "Proxima Fusion", "published_date": "2025-02-26", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The company describes a peer-reviewed quasi-isodynamic HTS stellarator power-plant concept. It is a design study, not a reactor demonstration; a model-coil demonstration is targeted for 2027." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_THEA_FUND", "url": "https://thea.energy/press-release/thea-energy-raises-100-million-series-b-funding-to-build-scalable-fusion-power-plants/", "title": "Thea Energy raises $100 million Series B funding to build scalable fusion power plants", "publisher": "Thea Energy", "published_date": "2026-05-27", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Thea announced $100 million Series B financing. Eos site selection was expected later in 2026; Helios construction was targeted to start by the decade’s end." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_THEA_EXTENSION", "url": "https://thea.energy/press-release/thea-energy-extends-series-b-funding-to-deploy-efficient-and-economical-fusion-power/", "title": "Thea Energy extends Series B funding to deploy efficient and economical fusion power", "publisher": "Thea Energy", "published_date": "2026-08-18", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "An additional Series B extension was announced without an amount. The release also reports a $20 million ARPA-E SCALEUP award, a distinct funding category." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_THEA_EOS", "url": "https://thea.energy/eos/", "title": "Eos", "publisher": "Thea Energy", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Eos is planned as a D-D planar-coil stellarator; the later Helios electricity plant would use D-T. Published Eos performance numbers are design objectives." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_THEA_HELIOS", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.08027", "title": "Overview of the Helios Design: A Practical Planar Coil Stellarator Fusion Power Plant", "publisher": "Thea authors / arXiv", "published_date": "2025-12-08", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "preprint_design", "verification_note": "Version 3 dated 2026-01-05; no independent operating-performance claim.", "claims": [ "The preconceptual design specifies 12 encircling coils and 324 shaping coils, 1.1 GW thermal and 390 MW net electricity. Capacity factor and component lifetime are modeled assumptions." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_THEA_CANIS", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.18960", "title": "Prototyping and Test of the Canis HTS Planar Coil Array for Stellarator Field Shaping", "publisher": "Thea authors / arXiv", "published_date": "2025-03-19", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "preprint_experiment", "claims": [ "The nine-coil Canis array operated at 20 K, controlling stellarator-relevant field shapes within 1% of prediction. This demonstrates a magnet subsystem, not a fusion plasma." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_RENAISSANCE_NEWS", "url": "https://renfusion.eu/press-releases", "title": "Press releases", "publisher": "Renaissance Fusion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The company lists a €32 million ($33.2 million) Series A first close on 6 March 2025 and a €10 million BPIFrance grant on 1 December 2023." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_RENAISSANCE_TECH", "url": "https://renfusion.eu/technology", "title": "Technology", "publisher": "Renaissance Fusion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Renaissance proposes patterned HTS currents on simpler surfaces to make stellarator fields, with thick liquid-lithium walls for heat extraction, shielding and tritium production." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_REALTA_TECH", "url": "https://realtafusion.com/technology/", "title": "Technology", "publisher": "Realta Fusion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Realta develops magnetic mirrors: stronger magnetic fields at the two ends of a linear machine help retain plasma. The company is based in Madison." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_REALTA_FUND", "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/realta-fusion-raises-36-million-series-a-to-advance-compact-scalable-modular-fusion-energy-302452726.html", "title": "Realta Fusion raises $36 million Series A to advance compact, scalable, modular fusion energy", "publisher": "Realta Fusion / PR Newswire", "published_date": "2025-05-13", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_press_release", "claims": [ "Realta announced a $36 million Series A led by Future Ventures." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_REALTA_DEBT", "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/realta-fusion-secures-9-5-million-growth-capital-facility-from-silicon-valley-bank-a-division-of-first-citizens-bank-302689285.html", "title": "Realta Fusion secures $9.5 million growth capital facility from Silicon Valley Bank", "publisher": "Silicon Valley Bank / PR Newswire", "published_date": "2026-02-17", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "counterparty_primary", "claims": [ "SVB announced a $9.5 million growth-capital debt facility. The announcement does not establish how much has been drawn." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_REALTA_WHAM", "url": "https://news.wisc.edu/first-plasma-marks-major-milestone-in-uw-madison-fusion-energy-research/", "title": "First plasma marks major milestone in UW-Madison fusion energy research", "publisher": "University of Wisconsin–Madison", "published_date": "2024-07-18", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "institution_primary", "claims": [ "WHAM first plasma occurred in July 2024 in Stoughton, Wisconsin. Its 17 T figure refers to magnetic-mirror end fields." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_REALTA_DEC", "url": "https://realtafusion.com/insight/a-fusion-first-realta-demos-direct-energy-conversion/", "title": "A fusion first: Realta demos direct energy conversion", "publisher": "Realta Fusion", "published_date": "2026-06-30", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The 19 June electrostatic recovery experiment recovered mostly externally supplied plasma-heating energy, not net fusion electricity. First-generation commercial D-T reactors still require neutron-heat capture." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_REALTA_TIMELINE", "url": "https://realtafusion.com/timeline/", "title": "Timeline", "publisher": "Realta Fusion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The company targets a pilot in the mid-2030s, with intermediate mirror experiments before commercial deployment." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_ES_DEVICES", "url": "https://energysingularity.cn/en/devices.html", "title": "Devices", "publisher": "Energy Singularity", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "HH70 is an all-HTS tokamak; HH170 is a planned higher-field successor with an equivalent-Q-above-two objective. Equivalent gain is not measured D-T plasma gain." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_ES_PULSE", "url": "https://energysingularity.cn/en/news/news-001.html", "title": "HH70 achieves a 1,337-second plasma discharge", "publisher": "Energy Singularity", "published_date": "2026-02-02", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The company reported a 1,337-second HH70 plasma discharge. Pulse length does not establish burning-plasma performance." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_ES_MAGNET", "url": "https://energysingularity.cn/en/news/index.php/2026/06/17/energy-singularity-develops-26-7-tesla-cryogen-free-insulated-hts-magnet-breaking-two-world-records/", "title": "Energy Singularity develops 26.7-tesla cryogen-free insulated HTS magnet", "publisher": "Energy Singularity", "published_date": "2026-06-17", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The 26.7 T test used a compact magnet with 30 mm winding inner diameter and 140 mm outer diameter. It is not equivalent in scale to a full reactor coil." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_ES_SEED", "url": "https://energysingularity.cn/news/news-059.html", "title": "Energy Singularity completes nearly RMB 400 million seed financing", "publisher": "Energy Singularity", "published_date": "2022-02-26", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The Shanghai company announced seed financing of nearly RMB 400 million." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_ES_PREA", "url": "https://energysingularity.cn/en/news/news-047.html", "title": "Energy Singularity raises nearly RMB400 million in Series Pre-A funding", "publisher": "Energy Singularity", "published_date": "2023-04-30", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Nearly RMB 400 million Pre-A financing brought the reported historical total to nearly RMB 800 million." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_KYOTO_FUND", "url": "https://kyotofusioneering.com/en/news/2026/08/24/4350", "title": "Kyoto Fusioneering announces Series D first close and new credit facilities", "publisher": "Kyoto Fusioneering", "published_date": "2026-08-24", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Series D equity was ¥16.72 billion, with ¥9 billion separate credit facilities. Cumulative equity was ¥32.98 billion. Source USD approximations were $105m, $57m and $207m respectively." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_KYOTO_HQ", "url": "https://kyotofusioneering.com/en/news/2025/01/08/2807", "title": "Kyoto Fusioneering relocates headquarters to Tokyo", "publisher": "Kyoto Fusioneering", "published_date": "2025-01-08", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Headquarters moved to Tokyo’s Ota district in January 2025. Kyoto’s UNITY-1 and Canadian UNITY-2 are engineering/fuel-cycle facilities, distinct from a commercial fusion reactor." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_NTTAO_FUND", "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nt-tao-raises-22m-series-a-to-ensure-a-secure-clean-energy-future-with-a-compact-and-scalable-nuclear-fusion-solution-301735890.html", "title": "nT-Tao raises $22M Series A to ensure a secure clean energy future", "publisher": "nT-Tao / PR Newswire", "published_date": "2023-02-01", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_press_release", "claims": [ "The $22 million Series A brought cumulative funding at that date to $28 million." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_NTTAO_POWER", "url": "https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/09/15/3362276/0/en/nt-tao-deploys-50-mw-pulsed-power-subsystem-to-drive-fusion-prototype-toward-next-temperature-milestone.html", "title": "nT-Tao deploys 50 MW pulsed-power subsystem to drive fusion prototype toward next temperature milestone", "publisher": "nT-Tao / GlobeNewswire", "published_date": "2026-09-15", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_press_release", "claims": [ "The 50 MW subsystem supplies pulsed input power, not fusion output. The release reports an earlier 1.5-million-degree plasma result." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_NTTAO_TECH", "url": "https://www.nt-tao.com/nt-tao-technology", "title": "nT-Tao Technology", "publisher": "nT-Tao", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The company describes a compact pulsed stellarator and a future 20 MWe modular energy system with thermal electricity conversion." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_NTTAO_FAQ", "url": "https://www.nt-tao.com/faq", "title": "Frequently asked questions", "publisher": "nT-Tao", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The company’s current FAQ places a pilot plant in the early 2030s." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_EN", "url": "https://global.helicalfusion.com/post/fuji-electric-joins-helical-fusion-as-strategic-investor-and-official-partner-as-series-b-second-clo", "title": "Fuji Electric joins Helical Fusion as Series B second close raises JPY 3.23 billion", "publisher": "Helical Fusion", "published_date": "2026-10-08", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "verification_note": "The Japanese release, updated 9 October, instead gives ¥13.05 billion cumulative funding. Use the newer Japanese total and disclose the discrepancy.", "claims": [ "Second close financing was ¥3.23 billion, about $20.6 million. The English page gives cumulative financing of ¥13.15 billion including grants and loans." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_JP", "url": "https://www.helicalfusion.com/post/helical-fusion%E3%80%81%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BAb%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89-2nd%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA32-3%E5%84%84%E5%86%86%E3%81%AE%E8%B3%87%E9%87%91%E8%AA%BF%E9%81%94%E3%81%A7%E7%99%BA%E9%9B%BB%E3%81%AB%E5%90%91%E3%81%91%E3%81%9F%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E3%83%BB%E5%AE%9F%E8%A8%BC%E3%82%92%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E3%80%81%E7%B4%AF%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%BF%E9%81%94%E9%A1%8D%E3%81%AF130-5%E5%84%84%E5%86%86", "title": "Helical Fusion Series B second close: ¥3.23 billion; cumulative funding ¥13.05 billion", "publisher": "Helical Fusion", "published_date": "2026-10-08", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The Japanese release updated 9 October reports ¥5.93 billion Series B funding so far and ¥13.05 billion cumulative financing including grants and loans, excluding conditional METI support. It locates HARUKA construction at NIFS, Toki." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_HELICAL_TECH", "url": "https://global.helicalfusion.com/technology", "title": "Technology", "publisher": "Helical Fusion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "A pair of continuous helical superconducting coils produces the stellarator confinement field. D-T is the proposed fuel." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_HELICAL_MANUFACTURE", "url": "https://global.helicalfusion.com/post/helical-fusion-completes-a-new-coil-manufacturing-machine-for-its-integrated-demonstration-device-in", "title": "Helical Fusion completes a new coil manufacturing machine with Sugino Machine", "publisher": "Helical Fusion", "published_date": "2026-02-05", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "A dedicated HTS coil manufacturing machine was completed; the company reports a 2025 cable test and targets integrated demonstration and subsequent net electricity in the 2030s." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_HELICAL_HQ", "url": "https://global.helicalfusion.com/company", "title": "Company", "publisher": "Helical Fusion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "The corporate address is in Chiyoda, Tokyo." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "MAG_FIA_2026", "url": "https://www.fusionindustryassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/FIA-Industry-report-2026_d9.pdf", "title": "The Global Fusion Industry Report 2026", "publisher": "Fusion Industry Association", "published_date": "2026-07-13", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "source_type": "industry_survey_primary", "verification_note": "Self-reported Q2 2026 survey. Corporate totals may mix financing categories. Local PDF read; later company releases supersede stale survey figures. Keep derived copy across final report terse.", "claims": [ "Company survey profiles identify D-T plans for nT-Tao, Energy Singularity and Helical Fusion; nT-Tao declares $34 million funding and Energy Singularity $112.5 million. Type One lists Knoxville and a 2034 grid target.", "Company-declared survey funding totals and selected roadmap dates; basis may mix public/private or commitments; not independent financial audit." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [ "ALT_FIA2026" ] }, { "id": "ALT_INERTIA_FUND", "url": "https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/02/11/3236274/0/en/inertia-raises-450-million-to-commercialize-the-only-proven-fusion-science.html", "title": "Inertia raises $450 million to commercialize the only proven fusion science", "publisher": "Inertia Enterprises via GlobeNewswire", "published_date": "2026-02-11", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "$450 million milestone-based Series A; Livermore; Thunderwall unit-beamline design goals." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_INERTIA_GAIN", "url": "https://inertia.com/faq/how-much-fusion-energy-or-gain-do-you-need/", "title": "How much fusion energy or gain do you need", "publisher": "Inertia Enterprises", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Company model maps target gains 18, 30, 45 to 50, 500, 1500 MW grid output; not measurements or universal conversion." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_INERTIA_MODEL", "url": "https://inertia.com/press/models-confirm-fuel-target-design", "title": "Inertia target design for grid-scale energy validated by ignition-benchmarked fusion codes", "publisher": "Inertia Enterprises", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Virtual-shot simulations; >25 to 43 target gain; company estimates 250 MW to 1.3 GW grid electricity." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_INERTIA_PAPER", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.19752", "title": "Indirect-Drive Fusion Target Design for Commercial Fusion Energy", "publisher": "Weber et al and Inertia Collaboration / arXiv", "published_date": "2026-09-17", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "research_preprint", "claims": [ "10 MJ driver; modeled target gains 26–43 and yields 265–427 MJ. Original abstract retrieved; full arXiv page fetch blocked." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_INERTIA_HOME", "url": "https://inertia.com/", "title": "Inertia commercial fusion overview", "publisher": "Inertia Enterprises", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Design targets: 10 Hz, 10 MJ, sub-dollar targets, 1.5 GW; these are future system specifications." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_INERTIA_PHASE1", "url": "https://inertia.com/press/commercial-roadmap-phase-1", "title": "Defining Success: Inertia Phase 1 Commercial Roadmap", "publisher": "Inertia Enterprises", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Phase I component roadmap; virtual-shot gain milestone; simplified power-balance assumptions of 10 MJ, 10 Hz, 12% laser efficiency, 45% thermal conversion and 5 MJ other loads per shot; gas-armored replaceable solid wall." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_INERTIA_FUELING", "url": "https://inertia.com/press/inertia-fast-fueling", "title": "Fueling breakthrough for fusion energy brings production time from days to minutes", "publisher": "Inertia Enterprises", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Company/LLNL fast DT-layer manufacture reported at two to three hours; measured roughness and simulated performance compatibility; not an integrated high-gain experiment or industrial production rate." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_PACIFIC_FOUND", "url": "https://www.pacificfusion.com/resources/founders-letter", "title": "Introducing Pacific Fusion", "publisher": "Pacific Fusion", "published_date": "2024-10-25", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ ">$900 million Series A commitments released on milestones; pulsed magnetic compression of DT targets; Fremont." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_PACIFIC_MODULE", "url": "https://www.pacificfusion.com/resources/validating-the-next-building-block-toward-affordable-fusion-power", "title": "Validating the next building block toward affordable fusion power", "publisher": "Pacific Fusion", "published_date": "2026-06-02", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Scaled pulser prototype 440 GW peak, 1.1 MV, 80 ns; >1000 qualification shots; component milestone, not fusion gain." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_PACIFIC_CAPITAL", "url": "https://www.pacificfusion.com/resources/lawrence-livermore-pacific-fusion-collaboration-breaks-new-record-to-advance-america-s-high-gain-fusion-capability", "title": "Lawrence Livermore Pacific Fusion collaboration breaks new record", "publisher": "Pacific Fusion", "published_date": "2026-07-16", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Reports >$1 billion private capital; stored-energy facility-gain target 2030." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_PACIFIC_SITE", "url": "https://www.pacificfusion.com/resources/pacific-fusion-breaks-ground-on-first-of-a-kind-fusion-facility-in-new-mexico", "title": "Pacific Fusion breaks ground on first-of-a-kind fusion facility in New Mexico", "publisher": "Pacific Fusion", "published_date": "2026-08-25", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Mesa del Sol Albuquerque campus groundbreaking Aug 24; planned facility gain 2030; $1 billion-scale campus is project spending, not another funding round." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_PACIFIC_LOC", "url": "https://www.pacificfusion.com/locations", "title": "Locations", "publisher": "Pacific Fusion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Bay Area HQ/R&D; Albuquerque research/manufacturing campus; Los Lunas manufacturing." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_XCIMER_FUND", "url": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240604168571/en/Xcimer-Raises-$100-Million-to-Put-Inertial-Fusion-Energy-on-Path-to-Commercialization", "title": "Xcimer Raises $100 Million to Put Inertial Fusion Energy on Path to Commercialization", "publisher": "Xcimer via Business Wire", "published_date": "2024-06-04", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "$100 million Series A; Denver headquarters; $9 million DOE award separately reported." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_XCIMER_ROADMAP", "url": "https://xcimer.energy/energy/", "title": "Energy and roadmap", "publisher": "Xcimer Energy", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Phoenix 2026; Anvil 200kJ2028; Vulcan 4 MJ upgradeable 12 MJ target 2031; Athena 400 MW mid 2030s." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_XCIMER_FAQ", "url": "https://xcimer.energy/faq/", "title": "Xcimer frequently asked questions", "publisher": "Xcimer Energy", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Nearly $200 million in seed and Series A funding; Denver headquarters and Tucson manufacturing; Vulcan aims for whole-system wall-plug breakeven in 2031; Athena aims to deliver 400 MW to the grid in 2035." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_XCIMER_DOE", "url": "https://xcimer.energy/news/u-s-department-of-energy-approves-xcimers-fusion-power-plant-preconceptual-design-and-technology-roadmap-milestone/", "title": "DOE approves Xcimer preconceptual design and technology roadmap milestone", "publisher": "Xcimer Energy", "published_date": "2026-06-10", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Phoenix operating; KrF excimer/SBS architecture; Athena preconceptual design milestone accepted; up-to 1 Hz liquid-wall concept." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_FOCUSED_FUND", "url": "https://www.focused-energy.co/news-release/focused-energy-sets-a-new-benchmark-240-million-for-the-largest-series-a-financing-in-the-global-fusion-industry", "title": "Focused Energy $240 Million Series A", "publisher": "Focused Energy", "published_date": "2026-05-27", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "$240 million Series A; RWE and Biblis planned development site." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_FOCUSED_TECH", "url": "https://www.focused-energy.co/technology/lighthouse", "title": "LightHouse Laser Fusion System", "publisher": "Focused Energy", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Direct-drive DT architecture; current offices Darmstadt, Berlin, San Francisco, Austin." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_FOCUSED_EXP", "url": "https://www.focused-energy.co/news-release/focused-energy-completes-its-first-milestones-through-does-milestone-based-fusion-development-program", "title": "Focused Energy completes first DOE milestones", "publisher": "Focused Energy", "published_date": "2024-11-14", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Target-design report and proton-focusing experiment; not an ignition demonstration." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_FOCUSED_ROADMAP", "url": "https://www.focused-energy.co/", "title": "Focused Energy roadmap", "publisher": "Focused Energy", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Current roadmap first laser 2028; pilot 2035; first grid MWh 2037." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_GENERAL_TEMP", "url": "https://generalfusion.com/post/general-fusion-achieves-world-first-1-kev-electron-temperature-milestone-on-its-path-to-commercial-fusion-power/", "title": "General Fusion achieves 1 keV electron temperature milestone", "publisher": "General Fusion", "published_date": "2026-10-08", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "LM26 electron temperature 1.1 keV Thomson /1.2 keV AXUV; inferred ion 0.46 keV; next 10 keV; papers submitted." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_GENERAL_LIST", "url": "https://generalfusion.com/post/general-fusion-becomes-first-publicly-listed-fusion-company/", "title": "General Fusion becomes publicly listed", "publisher": "General Fusion", "published_date": "2026-07-13", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Nasdaq GFUZ listing; approximatelyUS $150 million cash inclusive of net transaction proceeds, not $1 billion funding." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_GENERAL_PATH", "url": "https://generalfusion.com/path-to-commercialization/", "title": "Path to commercialization", "publisher": "General Fusion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "LM26 Lawson-equivalent objective uses non-DT surrogate conditions; first-of-kind target 2035." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_GENERAL_PAPER", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.23974", "title": "The science of compressional heating on the LM26 magnetized target fusion experiment", "publisher": "S. J. Howard et al / arXiv", "published_date": "2026-06-22", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "research_preprint", "claims": [ "Deuterium spherical-tokamak plasma compressed by solid lithium liner; first eleven shots; modeled and measured compression-heating behavior." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_GENERAL_LOC", "url": "https://generalfusion.com/about/contact-us/", "title": "Contact General Fusion", "publisher": "General Fusion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "6020 Russ Baker Way, Richmond BC; Vancouver metro." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_ZAP_FUND", "url": "https://legacy.zapenergy.com/news/zap-attracts-130m-as-demo-system-begins-operations", "title": "Zap attracts $130M as demo system begins operations", "publisher": "Zap Energy", "published_date": "2024-10-09", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "$130 million Series D; >$330 million then total; Century uses hydrogen, not fusion fuel; liquid-metal engineering tests." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_ZAP_PRESSURE", "url": "https://www.zapenergy.com/updates/2025/11/zap-energy-exceeds-gigapascal-fusion-plasma-pressures-on-new-fusion-device-fuze-3", "title": "Zap exceeds gigapascal plasma pressures on FuZE-3", "publisher": "Zap Energy", "published_date": "2025-11-17", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Measured electron pressure 830 MPa; 1.6 GPa total inferred assuming similar ion/electron temperature;~1us; preliminary." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_ZAP_STRATEGY", "url": "https://www.zapenergy.com/updates/2026/04/zap-energy-advances-integrated-nuclear-strategy-and-appoints-zabrina-johal-as-ceo", "title": "Zap advances integrated nuclear strategy", "publisher": "Zap Energy", "published_date": "2026-04-29", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Adds fission and hybrid business alongside fusion; FuZE-A commissioning; no fusion-grid milestone claimed." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_ZAP_LOC", "url": "https://www.zapenergy.com/privacy-policy", "title": "Zap contact address", "publisher": "Zap Energy", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Everett Washington corporate contact location." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_FUND", "url": "https://firstlightfusion.com/media/first-light-fusion-announces-25m-successful-first-close-of-new-funding-round-with-investments-from-starmaker-one-ukaea/", "title": "First Light announces £25 million first close", "publisher": "First Light Fusion", "published_date": "2026-04-21", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "£25 million first close; FLARE partnering strategy; UKAEA investment." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TEST", "url": "https://firstlightfusion.com/media/first-light-fusion-achieves-major-step-forward-for-flare-proving-key-low-cost-fusion-principle/", "title": "First Light demonstrates FLARE compression principle", "publisher": "First Light Fusion", "published_date": "2026-09-22", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "M3 compression-stage experiments; explicitly not ignition or gain." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH", "url": "https://firstlightfusion.com/technology/", "title": "First Light FLARE technology", "publisher": "First Light Fusion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "DT fuel; low-power assembly then rapid heating; ~1000 modeled target gain; partner-supplied plant systems." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_MARVEL_FUND", "url": "https://www.marvelfusion.com/newsroom/marvel-fusion-extends-series-b-to-eur-113m-with-commitments-from-eqt-ventures-siemens-energy-and-european-innovation-council-eic-fund", "title": "Marvel extends Series B to EUR113m", "publisher": "Marvel Fusion", "published_date": "2025-03-27", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "€50 million extension; €113 million complete B; €170 million total private investment plus €215 million public cooperation projects." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_MARVEL_TECH", "url": "https://www.marvelfusion.com/technology", "title": "Marvel technology and roadmap", "publisher": "Marvel Fusion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Hollow-shell fast ignition; near-term noncryogenic DT; ATLAS first laser 2027; future ignition 2032/net power 2036." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_MARVEL_SITE", "url": "https://www.marvelfusion.com/newsroom/marvel-fusion-the-state-of-colorado-and-siemens-energy-sign-letter-of-intent", "title": "Marvel Colorado Siemens Energy letter of intent", "publisher": "Marvel Fusion", "published_date": "2026-08-12", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Fort Collins ATLAS platform at CSU; 2027 opening intended; LOI not power purchase or plant completion." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND", "url": "https://www.avalanchefusion.com/news-release/avalanche-energy-raises-29-million-following-plasma-physics-breakthroughs", "title": "Avalanche raises $29 million following plasma physics breakthroughs", "publisher": "Avalanche Energy", "published_date": "2026-02-03", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "$29 million round; FusionWERX Richland expected licensed operation 2027; DT Q >1 test program; 300 kV component achievement." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_AVALANCHE_TECH", "url": "https://www.avalanchefusion.com/orbitron", "title": "Orbitron", "publisher": "Avalanche Energy", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Crossed magnetic/electrostatic confinement; central negative electrode ion orbits; magnets trap electrons; compact electricity is design goal." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_AVALANCHE_GRANT", "url": "https://www.avalanchefusion.com/news-release/avalanche-energy-awarded-10-million-grant-from-washington-state-to-develop-fusionwerx-neutron-factory", "title": "Avalanche awarded $10 million state grant", "publisher": "Avalanche Energy", "published_date": "2025-07-23", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "$10 million Washington grant with matching funds required; separate from equity." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_EXFUSION_A", "url": "https://ex-fusion.com/news/ex-fusion%E3%80%81%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA-a-%E3%81%A7%E7%B7%8F%E9%A1%8D%E7%B4%84-26-%E5%84%84%E5%86%86%E3%81%AE%E8%B3%87%E9%87%91%E8%AA%BF%E9%81%94%E3%82%92%E5%AE%9F%E6%96%BD", "title": "EX-Fusion raises approximately JPY 2.6 billion Series A", "publisher": "EX-Fusion", "published_date": "2025-06-05", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "JPY 2.3 billion equity+JPY 0.3 billion loans; cumulativeJPY 5.6 billion then; FY2027 neutron-operation target." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_EXFUSION_EXT", "url": "https://ex-fusion.com/news/ex-fusion%E3%80%81%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BAa%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%EF%BC%88%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%89%E3%81%A7%EF%BC%94", "title": "EX-Fusion Series A extension JPY 0.4 billion", "publisher": "EX-Fusion", "published_date": "2025-10-14", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "JPY 0.4 billion extension; Series A cumulativeJPY 3 billion; all funding cumulativeJPY 6 billion including earlier loans." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_EXFUSION_TEST", "url": "https://ex-fusion.com/news/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%88%9D%E3%80%811%E7%A7%92%E9%96%93%E3%81%AB10%E5%9B%9E%E3%80%81%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E3%81%AB%E5%AF%BE%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC", "title": "EX-Fusion demonstrates continuous 10 Hz laser irradiation of surrogate fuel", "publisher": "EX-Fusion", "published_date": "2025-07-01", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Hamamatsu test of target injection/irradiation on surrogate targets; not 10 fusion ignitions per second." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_EXFUSION_LOC", "url": "https://ex-fusion.com/company", "title": "Company", "publisher": "EX-Fusion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "HQ Suita Osaka; Hamamatsu development site." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_HB11_TECH", "url": "https://hb11.energy/our-technology/", "title": "HB11 laser-boron technology", "publisher": "HB11 Energy", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Proton-boron two-pulse fast ignition; intended nanosecond compression and picosecond proton ignition; about one pellet per second; conventional steam cycle." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_HB11_PAPER", "url": "https://hb11.energy/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/hydrogen-boron-fusion-in-confined-geometries_20250718.pdf", "title": "Hydrogen boron fusion in confined geometries", "publisher": "Tosca et al / High Power Laser Science and Engineering", "published_date": "2025-07-18", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "peer_reviewed_paper", "claims": [ "LFEX alpha-yield enhancement from target geometry; explicitly notes beam fusion lacks evidence for yield-amplifying cascades." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_HB11_PROJECT", "url": "https://hb11.energy/2022/05/03/hb11-energy-awarded-22m-laser-project-to-build-sovereign-nuclear-fusion-energy-capabilities/", "title": "HB11 $22 million laser project", "publisher": "HB11 Energy", "published_date": "2022-05-03", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Australian project totalAUD 22 million includesAUD 6 million grant andAUD 16 million partner contributions; not company equity. Sydney base." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_FUSE_TEST", "url": "https://www.f.energy/library/fifth-gait-technologies-completes-successful-shot-campaign", "title": "Fifth Gait shot campaign on Fuse FAETON", "publisher": "Fuse Energy Technologies", "published_date": "2025-04-08", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "San Leandro; dense plasma focus neutron-source testing; neutron output not electric gain." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_FUSE_CONCEPT", "url": "https://www.f.energy/apeiron-i-fusion-energy-plant", "title": "Apeiron I concept", "publisher": "Fuse Energy Technologies", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Future MagLIF energy demonstrator concept; numerical specs and engineeringQ goal are planned." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "ALT_FUSE_HOME", "url": "https://www.f.energy/", "title": "Fuse overview", "publisher": "Fuse Energy Technologies", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_primary", "claims": [ "Radiation-testing business and pulsed-power development alongside energy mission." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_FIA_RELEASE", "url": "https://www.fusionindustryassociation.org/fusion-industry-attracts-record-annual-funding-of-4-48bn-raising-total-to-14-24bn/", "title": "Fusion Industry Attracts Record Annual Funding of 4.48bn Raising Total to 14.24bn", "publisher": "Fusion Industry Association", "published_date": "2026-07-13", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "industry_survey", "claims": [ "56 voluntarily responding companies; $14.24bn declared cumulative funding and $4.48bn over the reporting year.", "Survey conducted in Q2 2026; industry expectations are respondents' forecasts, not independent probabilities." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_F4E_REPORT", "url": "https://fusionforenergy.europa.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/F4E_Observatory-Global_Fusion_Energy_Trends_1st_Edition-1.pdf", "title": "Global Fusion Energy Trends", "publisher": "Fusion for Energy", "published_date": "2026-07-15", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "institutional_analysis", "claims": [ "Five-actor identified public and private funding covers 2022-2025; mobilised or formally committed, not directly comparable cash.", "Public-to-private flows are subsets of public funding; ITER in-kind treatment matters.", "CRAFT is enabling engineering infrastructure at Hefei; BEST is a planned burning-plasma experiment." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_F4E_RELEASE", "url": "https://fusionforenergy.europa.eu/news/f4e-publishes-the-first-global-fusion-energy-trends-report/", "title": "F4E publishes the first Global Fusion Energy Trends report", "publisher": "Fusion for Energy", "published_date": "2026-07-15", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "institutional_analysis", "claims": [ "2022-2025 funding comparison: US EUR7.38bn, China EUR6.94bn, EU EUR3.34bn, UK EUR1.49bn, Japan EUR1.21bn; different scope from FIA." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_DOE_ROADMAP", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/articles/energy-department-releases-finalized-fusion-science-and-technology-roadmap-accelerate", "title": "Energy Department Releases Finalized Fusion Science and Technology Roadmap to Accelerate Commercial Fusion Power", "publisher": "US Department of Energy", "published_date": "2026-06-09", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "government_program", "claims": [ "National strategy supports pilot plants and commercial fusion in the mid-2030s; this is a policy ambition.", "Implementation depends on partnerships and Congressional appropriations; roadmap commits no specific funding levels." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_STEP_STRATEGY", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-fusion-energy-ltd-ukfe-strategy/uk-fusion-energy-ltd-strategy-accessible-version", "title": "UK Fusion Energy Ltd Strategy", "publisher": "UK Fusion Energy", "published_date": "2026-04-20", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "government_program", "claims": [ "STEP at West Burton targets operation from 2040; aims for net grid power, tritium breeding, and a route to commercial availability.", "GBP1.3bn supports the next stage of STEP, a subset of GBP2.5bn UK fusion support." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_UK_STRATEGY", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-fusion-strategy-2026/a-new-energy-revolution-the-uks-plan-for-delivering-fusion-energy-accessible-webpage", "title": "A new energy revolution The UK plan for delivering fusion energy", "publisher": "UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero", "published_date": "2026-03-16", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "government_program", "claims": [ "UK fusion strategy commits over GBP2.5bn over five years; this is a programme allocation, not startup equity." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_STEP_PARTNERS", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-uk-fusion-energy-strategy-maps-path-to-commercial-fusion", "title": "New UK Fusion Energy strategy maps path to commercial fusion", "publisher": "UK Fusion Energy", "published_date": "2026-04-14", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "government_program", "claims": [ "STEP is a spherical tokamak prototype at West Burton; contracts and site preparation are progress toward an intended plant, not evidence of plant operation." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_BEST_PLAN", "url": "https://euro-fusion.org/eurofusion-news/eurofusion-asipp-best-research-plan/", "title": "EUROfusion and ASIPP have released the BEST Research Plan", "publisher": "EUROfusion", "published_date": "2025-11-27", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "project_partner_report", "retrieval_note": "Complete partner release text available in search retrieval; direct web and PDF fetch intermittently unavailable. F4E July 2026 review corroborates role and location.", "claims": [ "Compact high-field tokamak in Hefei targets burning-plasma studies at Q greater than 5; first plasma targeted for 2027 in this release.", "Research plan released November 24 2025; publication November 27. First plasma is not net grid electricity." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS", "url": "https://www.startorus.com/company-news/453.html", "title": "Startorus Fusion Secures 500 Million Series A Financing Cumulative Funding Exceeds 2 Billion", "publisher": "Startorus Fusion", "published_date": "2026-05-07", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_report", "claims": [ "Body identifies RMB500m as A+ and cumulative financing over RMB2bn; headline omits plus sign.", "SUNIST-2 operational; NTST under construction and CTRFR-1 in R&D. Equivalent Q greater than 1 is a 2029-2030 target, not measured D-T gain." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS_PLUS", "url": "https://www.startorus.com/company-news/484.html", "title": "Startorus Fusion Completes A New Round of Financing of 880 Million Yuan", "publisher": "Startorus Fusion", "published_date": "2026-08-08", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_report", "claims": [ "RMB880m A++ financing completed; funds support Jiading experimental base, NTST, and CTRFR-1.", "Shanghai and Xian addresses listed; multiple operational locations should not be reduced to one unqualified plant marker." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_STARTORUS_MAGNET", "url": "https://startorus.com/progress-news/473.html", "title": "Startorus Fusion Completes 20K Cryogenic Energization Test of Full Scale HTS Toroidal Field Magnet", "publisher": "Startorus Fusion", "published_date": "2026-06-11", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_report", "claims": [ "Company reports full-scale magnet energized at 20K and 4.5kA; subsystem result, not reactor gain." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_IAEA_FFDB", "url": "https://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/fusion-portal/SitePages/FFDB.aspx?web=1", "title": "Fusion Facility Database", "publisher": "International Atomic Energy Agency", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "institutional_database", "claims": [ "Database distinguishes public and private, experimental and plant designs, operating, construction and planned facilities; useful future completeness check." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_EXISTING_SITES", "url": "https://www.jasonwillems.com/sites/", "title": "Jason Willems Sites", "publisher": "Jason Willems", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "user_reference", "claims": [ "Existing interactive collection includes Kurzweil Scorecard, What If I Joined, Frontiers of Mathematics and Erdos Problems.", "Reference pages reviewed locally for design conventions: explicit snapshots, evidence labels, methodology, source tables and downloadable data." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_OPENSTAR_PPPL", "url": "https://www.pppl.gov/news/2026/openstar-technologies-and-pppl-are-building-partnership-advance-fusion-energy", "title": "OpenStar Technologies and PPPL are building partnership to advance fusion energy", "publisher": "Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory", "published_date": "2026-09-29", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "project_partner_report", "claims": [ "Junior prototype fully commissioned; Tama Nui is a published plant design, not an operating plant.", "Levitated superconducting ring inside vacuum chamber generates confining dipole field." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_OPENSTAR_LOAN", "url": "https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/government-backs-fusion-energy-research", "title": "Government backs fusion energy research", "publisher": "New Zealand Government", "published_date": "2026-02-04", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "government_funding_announcement", "claims": [ "Up to NZD35m Regional Infrastructure Fund loan for a facility for the next fusion machine; not a private equity round." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_OPENSTAR_TECH", "url": "https://www.openstar.tech/technical-resources", "title": "OpenStar Technical Resources", "publisher": "OpenStar Technologies", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_technical_library", "claims": [ "Lists peer-reviewed 2025 Junior initial-results paper and 2026 D-T levitated-dipole plant design paper; their existence alone does not validate plant performance." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_OPENSTAR_TEAM", "url": "https://www.openstar.tech/team", "title": "OpenStar Who we are", "publisher": "OpenStar Technologies", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_report", "claims": [ "Founded in Wellington, New Zealand in 2021." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PHY_044", "title": "The Sandia-NM Tritium Story: Capabilities and R&D", "publisher": "Sandia National Laboratories / US Department of Energy", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/06/f63/The-Sandia-New-Mexico-Tritium-Story-Capabilities-and-R-and-D.pdf", "published_date": "2018-10-23", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "national_laboratory_presentation", "page": "Slide 2 (PDF page 2)", "claims": [ "D-T products carry approximately 3.5 MeV in the alpha particle and 14.1 MeV in the neutron." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_XCIMER_HDD", "url": "https://pubs.aip.org/aip/pop/article/31/11/112708/3322685/Hybrid-direct-drive-with-a-two-sided-ultraviolet", "title": "Hybrid direct drive with a two-sided ultraviolet laser", "publisher": "Thomas and collaborators, including Xcimer; Physics of Plasmas", "published_date": "2024-11-27", "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "peer_reviewed_design_and_simulation", "doi": "10.1063/5.0221201", "access_quality": "opened_full_text", "claims": [ "Hybrid direct drive uses an initial laser pulse to heat a hohlraum and drive the capsule with X-rays, followed by direct laser-drive pulses.", "The paper presents a two-opposed-beam target design and radiation-hydrodynamic calculations; modeled gain is not an integrated experimental gain result." ], "related_primary_urls": [ "https://xcimer.energy/news/advancing-fusion-target-design-with-hybrid-direct-drive/", "https://xcimer.energy/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/XEC-20260224-Commercialization-of-LFE-Whtppr-SHARED-24-FEB-26.pdf" ], "current_context_note": "The company names the architecture in its November 2024 announcement. Its February 2026 whitepaper still identifies hybrid direct drive; the full whitepaper exceeded web extraction limits, so the mechanism details here rely on the opened peer-reviewed paper.", "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": null, "aliases": [] }, { "id": "PAR_EXFUSION_TECH", "url": "https://ex-fusion.com/technology/knowledge", "title": "Research and Knowledge", "publisher": "EX-Fusion", "published_date": null, "accessed_at": "2026-10-22", "source_type": "company_technical_explainer", "access_quality": "opened_Japanese_text; English translation is editorial", "claims": [ "Company refers to the LIFT fast-ignition reactor concept: lasers compress a D-T target from multiple directions, then a separate laser ignites it.", "The cited reference design is a concept, not an operating EX-Fusion power plant. The page separately describes surrogate-target tracking tests." ], "last_reviewed_at": "2026-10-22", "access_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "independence_note": "A primary source establishes attribution; company publication is not independent validation.", "aliases": [] } ], "source_aliases": { "PHY_001": "PHY_001", "PHY_002": "PHY_002", "PHY_003": "PHY_003", "PHY_004": "PHY_004", "PHY_005": "PHY_005", "PHY_006": "PHY_006", "PHY_007": "PHY_007", "PHY_008": "PHY_008", "PHY_009": "PHY_009", "PHY_010": "PHY_010", "PHY_011": "PHY_011", "PHY_012": "PHY_012", "PHY_013": "PHY_013", "PHY_014": "PHY_014", "PHY_015": "PHY_015", "PHY_016": "PHY_016", "PHY_017": "PHY_017", "PHY_018": "PHY_018", "PHY_019": "PHY_019", "PHY_020": "PHY_020", "PHY_021": "PHY_021", "PHY_022": "PHY_022", "PHY_023": "PHY_023", "PHY_024": "PHY_024", "PHY_025": "PHY_025", "PHY_026": "PHY_026", "PHY_027": "PHY_027", "PHY_028": "PHY_028", "PHY_029": "PHY_029", "PHY_030": "PHY_030", "PHY_031": "PHY_031", "PHY_032": "PHY_032", "PHY_033": "PHY_033", "PHY_034": "PHY_034", "PHY_035": "PHY_035", "PHY_036": "PHY_036", "PHY_037": "PHY_037", "PHY_038": "PHY_038", "PHY_039": "PHY_039", "PHY_040": "PHY_040", "PHY_041": "PHY_041", "PHY_042": "PHY_042", "PHY_043": "PHY_043", "MAG_CFS_FUND_2026": "MAG_CFS_FUND_2026", "MAG_CFS_SPARC": "MAG_CFS_SPARC", "MAG_CFS_ARC": "MAG_CFS_ARC", "MAG_CFS_MAGNET": "MAG_CFS_MAGNET", "MAG_HELION_FUND": "MAG_HELION_FUND", "MAG_HELION_TECH": "PHY_037", "MAG_HELION_POLARIS": "MAG_HELION_POLARIS", "MAG_HELION_ORION": "MAG_HELION_ORION", "MAG_HELION_POLARIS_RESULTS": "MAG_HELION_POLARIS_RESULTS", "MAG_HELION_CHIPS": "MAG_HELION_CHIPS", "MAG_TAE_FUND": "MAG_TAE_FUND", "MAG_TAE_ROADMAP": "MAG_TAE_ROADMAP", "MAG_TAE_NATURE": "MAG_TAE_NATURE", "MAG_TAE_FUEL": "MAG_TAE_FUEL", "MAG_TAE_HE3": "MAG_TAE_HE3", "MAG_TAE_DEBT": "MAG_TAE_DEBT", "MAG_TAE_MERGER": "MAG_TAE_MERGER", "MAG_TE_FUND": "MAG_TE_FUND", "MAG_TE_DEMO4": "MAG_TE_DEMO4", "MAG_TE_ST40": "MAG_TE_ST40", "MAG_TE_US": "MAG_TE_US", "MAG_TYPEONE_FUND": "MAG_TYPEONE_FUND", "MAG_TYPEONE_TECH": "MAG_TYPEONE_TECH", "MAG_PROXIMA_FUND": "MAG_PROXIMA_FUND", "MAG_PROXIMA_ALPHA": "MAG_PROXIMA_ALPHA", "MAG_PROXIMA_STELLARIS": "MAG_PROXIMA_STELLARIS", "MAG_PROXIMA_PAPER": "MAG_PROXIMA_PAPER", "MAG_THEA_FUND": "MAG_THEA_FUND", "MAG_THEA_EXTENSION": "MAG_THEA_EXTENSION", "MAG_THEA_EOS": "MAG_THEA_EOS", "MAG_THEA_HELIOS": "MAG_THEA_HELIOS", "MAG_THEA_CANIS": "MAG_THEA_CANIS", "MAG_RENAISSANCE_NEWS": "MAG_RENAISSANCE_NEWS", "MAG_RENAISSANCE_TECH": "MAG_RENAISSANCE_TECH", "MAG_REALTA_TECH": "MAG_REALTA_TECH", "MAG_REALTA_FUND": "MAG_REALTA_FUND", "MAG_REALTA_DEBT": "MAG_REALTA_DEBT", "MAG_REALTA_WHAM": "MAG_REALTA_WHAM", "MAG_REALTA_DEC": "MAG_REALTA_DEC", "MAG_REALTA_TIMELINE": "MAG_REALTA_TIMELINE", "MAG_ES_DEVICES": "MAG_ES_DEVICES", "MAG_ES_PULSE": "MAG_ES_PULSE", "MAG_ES_MAGNET": "MAG_ES_MAGNET", "MAG_ES_SEED": "MAG_ES_SEED", "MAG_ES_PREA": "MAG_ES_PREA", "MAG_KYOTO_FUND": "MAG_KYOTO_FUND", "MAG_KYOTO_HQ": "MAG_KYOTO_HQ", "MAG_NTTAO_FUND": "MAG_NTTAO_FUND", "MAG_NTTAO_POWER": "MAG_NTTAO_POWER", "MAG_NTTAO_TECH": "MAG_NTTAO_TECH", "MAG_NTTAO_FAQ": "MAG_NTTAO_FAQ", "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_EN": "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_EN", "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_JP": "MAG_HELICAL_FUND_JP", "MAG_HELICAL_TECH": "MAG_HELICAL_TECH", "MAG_HELICAL_MANUFACTURE": "MAG_HELICAL_MANUFACTURE", "MAG_HELICAL_HQ": "MAG_HELICAL_HQ", "MAG_FIA_2026": "MAG_FIA_2026", "ALT_INERTIA_FUND": "ALT_INERTIA_FUND", "ALT_INERTIA_GAIN": "ALT_INERTIA_GAIN", "ALT_INERTIA_MODEL": "ALT_INERTIA_MODEL", "ALT_INERTIA_PAPER": "ALT_INERTIA_PAPER", "ALT_INERTIA_HOME": "ALT_INERTIA_HOME", "ALT_INERTIA_PHASE1": "ALT_INERTIA_PHASE1", "ALT_INERTIA_FUELING": "ALT_INERTIA_FUELING", "ALT_PACIFIC_FOUND": "ALT_PACIFIC_FOUND", "ALT_PACIFIC_MODULE": "ALT_PACIFIC_MODULE", "ALT_PACIFIC_CAPITAL": "ALT_PACIFIC_CAPITAL", "ALT_PACIFIC_SITE": "ALT_PACIFIC_SITE", "ALT_PACIFIC_LOC": "ALT_PACIFIC_LOC", "ALT_XCIMER_FUND": "ALT_XCIMER_FUND", "ALT_XCIMER_ROADMAP": "ALT_XCIMER_ROADMAP", "ALT_XCIMER_FAQ": "ALT_XCIMER_FAQ", "ALT_XCIMER_DOE": "ALT_XCIMER_DOE", "ALT_FOCUSED_FUND": "ALT_FOCUSED_FUND", "ALT_FOCUSED_TECH": "ALT_FOCUSED_TECH", "ALT_FOCUSED_EXP": "ALT_FOCUSED_EXP", "ALT_FOCUSED_ROADMAP": "ALT_FOCUSED_ROADMAP", "ALT_GENERAL_TEMP": "ALT_GENERAL_TEMP", "ALT_GENERAL_LIST": "ALT_GENERAL_LIST", "ALT_GENERAL_PATH": "ALT_GENERAL_PATH", "ALT_GENERAL_PAPER": "ALT_GENERAL_PAPER", "ALT_GENERAL_LOC": "ALT_GENERAL_LOC", "ALT_ZAP_FUND": "ALT_ZAP_FUND", "ALT_ZAP_PRESSURE": "ALT_ZAP_PRESSURE", "ALT_ZAP_STRATEGY": "ALT_ZAP_STRATEGY", "ALT_ZAP_LOC": "ALT_ZAP_LOC", "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_FUND": "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_FUND", "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TEST": "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TEST", "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH": "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH", "ALT_MARVEL_FUND": "ALT_MARVEL_FUND", "ALT_MARVEL_TECH": "ALT_MARVEL_TECH", "ALT_MARVEL_SITE": "ALT_MARVEL_SITE", "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND": "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND", "ALT_AVALANCHE_TECH": "ALT_AVALANCHE_TECH", "ALT_AVALANCHE_GRANT": "ALT_AVALANCHE_GRANT", "ALT_EXFUSION_A": "ALT_EXFUSION_A", "ALT_EXFUSION_EXT": "ALT_EXFUSION_EXT", "ALT_EXFUSION_TEST": "ALT_EXFUSION_TEST", "ALT_EXFUSION_LOC": "ALT_EXFUSION_LOC", "ALT_HB11_TECH": "ALT_HB11_TECH", "ALT_HB11_PAPER": "ALT_HB11_PAPER", "ALT_HB11_PROJECT": "ALT_HB11_PROJECT", "ALT_FUSE_TEST": "ALT_FUSE_TEST", "ALT_FUSE_CONCEPT": "ALT_FUSE_CONCEPT", "ALT_FUSE_HOME": "ALT_FUSE_HOME", "ALT_FIA2026": "MAG_FIA_2026", "PAR_FIA_RELEASE": "PAR_FIA_RELEASE", "PAR_F4E_REPORT": "PAR_F4E_REPORT", "PAR_F4E_RELEASE": "PAR_F4E_RELEASE", "PAR_DOE_ROADMAP": "PAR_DOE_ROADMAP", "PAR_STEP_STRATEGY": "PAR_STEP_STRATEGY", "PAR_UK_STRATEGY": "PAR_UK_STRATEGY", "PAR_STEP_PARTNERS": "PAR_STEP_PARTNERS", "PAR_BEST_PLAN": "PAR_BEST_PLAN", "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS": "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS", "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS_PLUS": "PAR_STARTORUS_A_PLUS_PLUS", "PAR_STARTORUS_MAGNET": "PAR_STARTORUS_MAGNET", "PAR_IAEA_FFDB": "PAR_IAEA_FFDB", "PAR_EXISTING_SITES": "PAR_EXISTING_SITES", "PAR_OPENSTAR_PPPL": "PAR_OPENSTAR_PPPL", "PAR_OPENSTAR_LOAN": "PAR_OPENSTAR_LOAN", "PAR_OPENSTAR_TECH": "PAR_OPENSTAR_TECH", "PAR_OPENSTAR_TEAM": "PAR_OPENSTAR_TEAM", "PHY_044": "PHY_044", "PAR_XCIMER_HDD": "PAR_XCIMER_HDD", "PAR_EXFUSION_TECH": "PAR_EXFUSION_TECH" }, "story_content": { "meta": { "project_name": "Fusion Atlas", "public_title": "The paths to fusion power", "snapshot_date": "2026-10-22", "snapshot_timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "language": "en", "content_status": "Ready-to-use public copy", "source_id_policy": "Resolve source_ids through the combined source registry; retain aliases when duplicate URLs are merged.", "date_policy": "Show the original precision and wording of source dates. Approximate timeline positions do not create exact deadlines.", "copy_policy": "Paragraphs and tooltips are public-facing. Editorial labels define how this site presents evidence; they are not scientific scores." }, "hero": { "eyebrow": "Fusion Atlas", "title": "The paths to fusion power", "deck": "Explore how fusion machines work, what experiments have shown, and what it takes to turn a reaction into useful electricity.", "primary_action": "Explore the approaches", "secondary_action": "Follow the energy", "snapshot_label": "Research snapshot: 22 October 2026", "scope_note": "A selected guide to fusion research and development. Results, designs and announced plans have separate labels." }, "chapters": [ { "id": "learn", "order": 1, "nav_label": "Start here", "title": "A reaction is the beginning", "deck": "The fuel can release energy. A power plant has to capture it, convert it and keep enough to supply its users.", "paragraphs": [ { "text": "Fusion releases energy when light nuclei combine into products with less total rest mass. Many proposed plants use deuterium and tritium, two forms of hydrogen. Their reaction produces a helium nucleus and a neutron, carrying about 17.6 million electronvolts of energy between them.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_001", "PHY_002" ] }, { "text": "The fuel becomes plasma: matter containing free electrons and charged nuclei. A useful experiment needs the right combination of temperature, density and heat retention. A very high temperature is only one part of that combination.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_003", "PHY_007" ] }, { "text": "In a D-T plant, about four fifths of the reaction energy leaves in neutrons. A surrounding blanket can capture that energy as heat. Electricity production comes later, and the plant must supply its own equipment before it has power left to export.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_022", "PHY_023", "PHY_006" ] } ], "interaction_prompt": "Step through the energy path, from fuel to the plant connection.", "next_label": "How the research got here" }, { "id": "history", "order": 2, "nav_label": "History", "title": "Different milestones answered different questions", "deck": "The history becomes clearer when each result is paired with the question it answered.", "paragraphs": [ { "text": "Laboratory experiments with heavy hydrogen established fusion reactions in the 1930s. By the 1950s, researchers were developing magnetic confinement and working out the conditions needed for useful energy production. The challenge had grown from observing reactions to sustaining the conditions that make them productive.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_030", "PHY_027", "PHY_032" ] }, { "text": "Tokamak results in the late 1960s changed the direction of magnetic-fusion research. Later experiments improved confinement and explored D-T fuel. JET’s 1997 result reached about 16 megawatts of fusion power from 24 megawatts of external plasma heating. Those numbers describe a plasma experiment’s energy balance.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_028", "PHY_029", "PHY_020" ] }, { "text": "In December 2022, the National Ignition Facility produced more fusion energy than the laser energy delivered to its target. That crossed an important experimental boundary. The electricity consumed by the laser facility sits outside that boundary, so the result did not establish net electrical generation.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_010", "PHY_009" ] } ], "interaction_prompt": "Select a milestone to see its result, its boundary and its source.", "next_label": "Explore the machine designs" }, { "id": "approaches", "order": 3, "nav_label": "Approaches", "title": "There is more than one way to hold fusion fuel", "deck": "The shapes differ because the machines solve confinement, heating and energy capture in different ways.", "paragraphs": [ { "text": "Magnetic-confinement machines use fields to guide charged particles. Tokamaks combine external coils with a substantial plasma current. Stellarators build more of the required field shape into their external coils. Mirrors and levitated dipoles use different geometries, with their own confinement and engineering questions.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_004", "PHY_005", "PHY_035", "PAR_OPENSTAR_PPPL" ] }, { "text": "In inertial fusion, a small target is compressed rapidly so that fusion can occur before the fuel expands. Lasers may illuminate the capsule directly or first create X-rays in a surrounding cavity. Other concepts use electrical pulses or mechanically compress a magnetized plasma.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_034", "PHY_033", "PHY_039" ] }, { "text": "A shared label can hide different machines. Helion and TAE both use field-reversed configurations, but Helion pursues a pulsed compression and recovery cycle while TAE uses energetic neutral beams. Their intended commercial fuels also differ from each other and from some present experiments.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_037", "MAG_HELION_POLARIS", "MAG_TAE_NATURE", "MAG_TAE_FUEL" ] } ], "interaction_prompt": "Choose an approach, then follow its confinement and energy-conversion sequence.", "next_label": "Learn to read the results" }, { "id": "results", "order": 4, "nav_label": "Results", "title": "Every gain number needs a boundary", "deck": "Ask what comes out, what goes in, and which equipment the calculation includes.", "paragraphs": [ { "text": "Plasma gain compares fusion power with external heating delivered to the plasma. Target gain compares fusion energy with energy delivered to a target. Neither ratio automatically includes the electricity used by all the equipment that supplied that energy.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006", "PHY_019", "PHY_009" ] }, { "text": "Energy recovery needs an equally careful label. A system can reclaim some energy it previously supplied to its plasma. Realta’s June 2026 direct-conversion experiment predominantly recovered input heating energy. Helion’s current Polaris objective concerns fusion-origin electricity reaching a capacitor bank; its earlier net-electricity wording has been withdrawn.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_REALTA_DEC", "MAG_HELION_POLARIS" ] }, { "text": "Net electricity is the remainder after the plant’s electrical consumption is accounted for over a complete interval. For pulsed machines, changes in stored energy also matter. The calculator lets you change these accounting assumptions and see how a positive fusion-gain number can still accompany net electrical consumption.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006", "PHY_007" ] } ], "interaction_prompt": "Move the boundary, then change the illustrative assumptions.", "next_label": "Meet the projects" }, { "id": "landscape", "order": 5, "nav_label": "Landscape", "title": "Put each project in its proper place", "deck": "Compare the machine, the evidence and the organization before comparing the headline numbers.", "paragraphs": [ { "text": "A company can have several locations with different jobs. CFS is building SPARC in Massachusetts and planning its first ARC power plant in Virginia. Helion’s Everett experiments and its Orion construction site in Malaga are also separate places. The map labels each site’s role and status.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_CFS_SPARC", "MAG_CFS_ARC", "MAG_HELION_POLARIS_RESULTS", "MAG_HELION_ORION" ] }, { "text": "Research laboratories, reactor developers and suppliers contribute different things. Kyoto Fusioneering develops heating, fuel-cycle and plant systems for other fusion programmes. Its engineering facilities belong in the landscape, with a different role from an experiment seeking plasma gain or a proposed electricity plant.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_KYOTO_FUND" ] }, { "text": "Money also needs a role and a date. A new round may already be included in a cumulative total. Grants, credit facilities and conditional commitments have different meanings. The financing view retains those distinctions, and an undisclosed amount remains unknown.", "source_ids": [], "content_type": "editorial_methodology" } ], "interaction_prompt": "Filter by approach, fuel or country. Open a card to inspect the claims behind it.", "next_label": "What a plant still has to prove" }, { "id": "remaining_questions", "order": 6, "nav_label": "What remains", "title": "Several systems have to work together", "deck": "A successful experiment can reduce one uncertainty while leaving important plant questions open.", "paragraphs": [ { "text": "A D-T plant must obtain its initial tritium and then produce, recover and recycle enough fuel to continue operating. It must also extract intense heat and manage neutron exposure in its materials. These requirements connect the plasma to the blanket, exhaust, cooling and maintenance systems.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_002", "PHY_022", "PHY_023", "PHY_042" ] }, { "text": "Pulsed plants add questions about repetition, resets and component lifetime. Laser-driven plants also need a dependable supply of targets and a chamber that can accept the next shot. A single successful pulse and sustained power production test different capabilities.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_034", "PHY_033", "PHY_042" ] }, { "text": "Our assessments describe these questions separately. You can inspect whether a claim rests on an experiment, a subsystem test, a model or an announced plan. We do not turn those categories into a percentage chance of success, and a gap in public evidence is recorded as a gap.", "source_ids": [], "content_type": "editorial_methodology" } ], "interaction_prompt": "Choose a theme to see what evidence would reduce the uncertainty.", "next_label": "Check the sources" }, { "id": "sources", "order": 7, "nav_label": "Sources", "title": "The claims are open to inspection", "deck": "Follow a statement back to its source, with the date and qualification still attached.", "paragraphs": [ { "text": "This is a curated research snapshot dated 22 October 2026. Each project-specific claim links to the source used for it. Company reports, laboratory announcements, research papers and programme targets retain their different evidence labels.", "source_ids": [], "content_type": "editorial_methodology" }, { "text": "A publication date may tell you when a result was reported rather than when the experiment happened. An announced window such as “early 2030s” keeps that wording. Where sources disagree or a financing amount is undisclosed, the qualification stays visible.", "source_ids": [], "content_type": "editorial_methodology" }, { "text": "Use the source drawer for context and the downloadable tables for the underlying records. The selection is intended to explain the main approaches and the evidence behind them. It is not a complete company census or an investment ranking.", "source_ids": [], "content_type": "editorial_methodology" } ], "interaction_prompt": "Search the sources or download the snapshot.", "next_label": "Return to the approaches" } ], "glossary_tooltips": [ { "id": "plasma", "term": "Plasma", "tooltip": "Matter containing free electrons and charged ions. Creating plasma does not by itself establish fusion gain.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_003" ] }, { "id": "deuterium", "term": "Deuterium", "tooltip": "A form of hydrogen whose nucleus contains one proton and one neutron.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_002" ] }, { "id": "tritium", "term": "Tritium", "tooltip": "A radioactive form of hydrogen with one proton and two neutrons. It requires controlled production and handling.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_002", "PHY_022" ] }, { "id": "alpha", "term": "Alpha particle", "tooltip": "A helium-4 nucleus. In D-T fusion, its energy can help heat the plasma.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_001" ] }, { "id": "q_plasma", "term": "Plasma gain", "tooltip": "Fusion power divided by external plasma-heating power, using the stated boundary.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_019" ] }, { "id": "target_gain", "term": "Target gain", "tooltip": "Fusion energy from a shot divided by the driver energy delivered to its target.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_009" ] }, { "id": "q_fuel", "term": "Fuel gain", "tooltip": "Fusion output divided by energy actually coupled into the fuel. Its boundary differs from target gain.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006" ] }, { "id": "driver_efficiency", "term": "Driver efficiency", "tooltip": "The fraction of driver electrical input that reaches the target or plasma as delivered energy.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_007" ] }, { "id": "electric_gain", "term": "Electrical gain", "tooltip": "Here: gross electricity divided by complete plant electrical consumption over the same interval.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006" ], "qualification": "Site-specific accounting definition; display the actual numerator and denominator." }, { "id": "net_electricity", "term": "Net electricity", "tooltip": "Generated electricity after subtracting all included plant consumption over a complete interval.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006" ] }, { "id": "grid_export", "term": "Grid export", "tooltip": "Electricity supplied at the grid connection, accounting for imports and changes in stored energy.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006" ] }, { "id": "ignition", "term": "Ignition", "tooltip": "Fusion-product heating sustains or propagates the burn under a specified physical criterion.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_011" ] }, { "id": "burning_plasma", "term": "Burning plasma", "tooltip": "A plasma strongly heated by its own fusion products. This does not establish an electricity-producing plant.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_011", "PHY_020" ] }, { "id": "triple_product", "term": "Triple product", "tooltip": "Density × temperature × energy-confinement time, with the fuel and measurement conventions specified.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_007" ] }, { "id": "confinement_time", "term": "Energy-confinement time", "tooltip": "A measure of how quickly a plasma loses its stored thermal energy.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006" ] }, { "id": "pulse_duration", "term": "Pulse duration", "tooltip": "How long a discharge or specified operating phase lasts. It differs from energy-confinement time.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_017", "PHY_018" ] }, { "id": "repetition_rate", "term": "Repetition rate", "tooltip": "Shots or pulses per second, at the stated energy and operating conditions.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_033", "PHY_034" ] }, { "id": "blanket", "term": "Blanket", "tooltip": "A surrounding system that can capture neutron energy, shield components and produce tritium.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_022" ] }, { "id": "tbr", "term": "Tritium breeding ratio", "tooltip": "Tritium produced divided by tritium consumed, under a stated accounting boundary.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_022" ] }, { "id": "divertor", "term": "Divertor", "tooltip": "A plasma-exhaust region that handles escaping heat and particles.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_023" ] }, { "id": "hts", "term": "High-temperature superconductor", "tooltip": "A superconducting material used in strong magnets. Fusion HTS magnets still need cryogenic cooling.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_CFS_MAGNET", "PHY_042" ] }, { "id": "frc", "term": "Field-reversed configuration", "tooltip": "A compact plasma configuration with a reversed core magnetic field; it does not specify one fuel or power cycle.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_NATURE", "PHY_037" ] }, { "id": "aneutronic", "term": "Aneutronic", "tooltip": "Describes reactions with mainly charged products. Operating plants can still produce neutrons and radiation.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_002", "PHY_007" ] }, { "id": "thermal_vs_electric", "term": "Fusion power and electric power", "tooltip": "Energy released by fusion, gross electricity and net electricity describe different stages and boundaries.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_019" ] }, { "id": "energy_recovery", "term": "Energy recovery", "tooltip": "Reclaiming energy already supplied to a system. Recovery alone does not show new net energy production.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_REALTA_DEC" ] }, { "id": "equivalent_q", "term": "Equivalent Q", "tooltip": "An inferred gain under stated fuel or modeling assumptions. Read those assumptions before comparing it with measured Q.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_ES_DEVICES" ] }, { "id": "net_electric_design", "term": "Net electric design output", "tooltip": "A plant model’s projected electricity after its modeled internal demand. It is a target until demonstrated.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_THEA_HELIOS", "MAG_TE_US" ] } ], "labels": { "evidence": [ { "id": "measured_result", "label": "Measured result", "description": "An experimental observation at the stated boundary. Check who reported it and what was measured." }, { "id": "subsystem_test", "label": "Subsystem test", "description": "A component or part of a machine has been tested. Whole-plant performance is a separate question." }, { "id": "simulation", "label": "Simulation", "description": "A numerical result produced under stated assumptions." }, { "id": "published_design", "label": "Published design", "description": "A documented machine or plant concept with projected performance." }, { "id": "company_target", "label": "Company target", "description": "An outcome the developer plans to achieve, with its original timing and scope." }, { "id": "programme_target", "label": "Programme target", "description": "An announced objective of a public or collaborative programme." }, { "id": "reported_status", "label": "Reported status", "description": "A source describes the project’s condition by this reporting date." }, { "id": "editorial_assessment", "label": "Assessment", "description": "An interpretation of the cited evidence and remaining questions; not a success probability." }, { "id": "not_established", "label": "Not established in this record", "description": "The reviewed sources do not establish this result. That does not prove the result is impossible." }, { "id": "source_conflict", "label": "Sources differ", "description": "The sources give different values or scopes. Open the note to see how the record handles them." }, { "id": "not_applicable", "label": "Not applicable", "description": "This particular requirement does not apply to the selected role or design." } ], "source_provenance": [ { "id": "company_report", "label": "Company report", "description": "Reported by the developer; independent confirmation is not implied." }, { "id": "partner_report", "label": "Partner report", "description": "Reported by a participating institution or project partner." }, { "id": "institutional_report", "label": "Laboratory or institution", "description": "Reported by the institution responsible for the experiment or programme." }, { "id": "peer_reviewed", "label": "Peer-reviewed", "description": "The paper underwent peer review. This label does not by itself establish independent replication." }, { "id": "preprint", "label": "Preprint", "description": "A research manuscript shared before, or without verified completion of, journal peer review." }, { "id": "survey_response", "label": "Company survey response", "description": "A dated self-reported response within an industry survey." }, { "id": "government_announcement", "label": "Government announcement", "description": "The official announcement defines the programme, award or commitment and its conditions." } ], "funding_event_types": [ { "id": "round", "label": "Financing round", "description": "The amount announced for this financing event. Check for extensions or later closing updates." }, { "id": "cumulative_total", "label": "Cumulative financing", "description": "A total reported as of a particular date. It already includes earlier financing within its stated scope." }, { "id": "grant", "label": "Grant or grant award", "description": "Public or other grant support. The award amount does not necessarily equal cash already disbursed." }, { "id": "conditional_commitment", "label": "Conditional commitment", "description": "Financing promised or planned subject to conditions. Keep it separate from completed financing." }, { "id": "public_budget", "label": "Public programme budget", "description": "An allocation for a defined programme and period; it may cover several projects or recipients." }, { "id": "debt_facility", "label": "Loan or credit facility", "description": "Borrowing support. Read the status to distinguish funds provided from an available, undrawn amount." }, { "id": "government_equity_award", "label": "Government equity-linked award", "description": "Public support linked to an ownership interest. The record states whether the award is definitive or conditional." }, { "id": "proposed_merger", "label": "Proposed merger", "description": "A proposed corporate transaction. Its valuation is not cash raised by the company." }, { "id": "cash_balance_snapshot", "label": "Reported cash balance", "description": "Cash reported at a specified date, potentially including earlier financing and transaction proceeds; not a new financing round." } ], "funding_status": [ { "id": "reported_closed", "label": "Reported closed" }, { "id": "provided", "label": "Funds reported provided" }, { "id": "conditional", "label": "Conditions remain" }, { "id": "planned", "label": "Planned investment" }, { "id": "draw_unknown", "label": "Drawdown not established" }, { "id": "superseded", "label": "Updated by later closing" }, { "id": "mixed_scope", "label": "Includes multiple financing types" }, { "id": "undisclosed", "label": "Amount undisclosed" }, { "id": "composition_unknown", "label": "Composition not established" } ], "amount_qualifiers": [ { "id": "exact_reported", "prefix": "", "label": "Reported amount" }, { "id": "approximately", "prefix": "About", "label": "Approximate" }, { "id": "greater_than", "prefix": "More than", "label": "Lower-bound statement" }, { "id": "up_to", "prefix": "Up to", "label": "Maximum announced amount" }, { "id": "approximately_below", "prefix": "Nearly", "label": "Source says nearly" }, { "id": "unknown", "prefix": "", "label": "Not disclosed" } ], "dates": [ { "id": "event_date", "label": "Event date", "description": "When the experiment or other event took place, at the precision supported by the source." }, { "id": "publication_date", "label": "Published", "description": "When the source appeared; this may be later than the event it describes." }, { "id": "reported_by", "label": "Reported by", "description": "The source establishes that the status had been reached by this date; the exact event date is unknown." }, { "id": "announcement_date", "label": "Announced", "description": "When the plan, financing or commitment was announced." }, { "id": "target_window", "label": "Announced target window", "description": "A future objective in the source’s own date wording; not an achieved milestone." }, { "id": "snapshot_date", "label": "Research snapshot", "description": "The cutoff used for this curated dataset." }, { "id": "last_reviewed_at", "label": "Source checked", "description": "When the source was reviewed, not independent verification of its underlying result." }, { "id": "unknown", "label": "Date not established", "description": "No supported date is available in this record." }, { "id": "reported_at", "label": "Reported", "description": "Date of the report; not necessarily the experiment date." }, { "id": "campaign_end_month", "label": "Campaign through", "description": "Month the multi-month experimental campaign ended; exact shot date not established." }, { "id": "undated_live_page", "label": "Undated page", "description": "Live source reviewed at the snapshot; no publication date established." } ], "date_precision": [ { "id": "day", "label": "Day specified" }, { "id": "month", "label": "Month specified" }, { "id": "year", "label": "Year specified" }, { "id": "range", "label": "Approximate window" }, { "id": "not_specified", "label": "Timing unspecified" } ], "site_roles": [ { "id": "headquarters", "label": "Headquarters" }, { "id": "company_office", "label": "Company office" }, { "id": "experimental_facility", "label": "Experimental facility" }, { "id": "component_facility", "label": "Component development" }, { "id": "planned_power_plant", "label": "Announced power-plant site" }, { "id": "fuel_cycle_facility", "label": "Fuel-cycle facility" }, { "id": "materials_facility", "label": "Materials test facility" }, { "id": "engineering_facility", "label": "Engineering test facility" }, { "id": "unknown", "label": "Site role not established" } ] }, "interface_copy": { "schematic_note": "Schematic — not to scale", "pulsed_animation_note": "Slowed schematic; animation timing does not represent the physical pulse.", "map_location_note": "Approximate location", "map_count_entities": "{count} organizations", "map_count_sites": "{count} sites", "company_fuel_current": "Current experimental fuel", "company_fuel_intended": "Intended commercial fuel", "company_evidence_heading": "What the evidence shows", "company_targets_heading": "Announced plans", "company_assessment_heading": "Remaining questions", "company_funding_heading": "Financing and conditions", "source_link": "Read the source", "source_drawer_title": "Behind this claim", "show_assumptions": "Show the assumptions", "show_data": "View the data table", "download_data": "Download the research snapshot", "compare_action": "Compare selected projects", "empty_filter_result": "No records match these filters. Clear a filter to broaden the view.", "unknown_value": "Not established in this record", "undisclosed_amount": "Amount undisclosed", "no_current_total": "No current comparable total established", "no_site_selected": "Site not established in this record", "calculator_heading": "Follow the power balance", "calculator_assumptions_label": "Illustrative assumptions", "calculator_scope_note": "These inputs are coupled in real machines. This model illustrates accounting, not plasma performance.", "calculator_net_positive": "Net output in this simplified model", "calculator_net_zero": "Electrical break-even in this simplified model", "calculator_net_negative": "Net consumption", "calculator_invalid_ratio": "Ratio undefined for these inputs", "calculator_reset": "Reset assumptions", "calculator_share": "Copy scenario link", "funding_chart_note": "Compare the same currency and financing basis. Cumulative totals already include earlier funding within their stated scope.", "funding_usd_note": "Dollar equivalent supplied by the source; approximate conversion where stated.", "funding_superseded_note": "This announcement was updated by a later closing of the same round.", "timeline_snapshot_divider": "Research snapshot", "timeline_targets_lane": "Announced plans", "timeline_fuzzy_date_note": "Position is approximate; the source’s original date wording is shown.", "assessment_note": "Editorial assessment based on the cited evidence. No numerical probability of success is assigned.", "evidence_gap_note": "The reviewed record does not establish this result. Missing public evidence is not proof of failure.", "supplier_note": "Enabling-systems supplier; compare its component and engineering work within that role.", "public_project_note": "Public research or demonstration programme; its mission and budget differ from a private company’s.", "reduced_motion_note": "Animation is paused. Use the stage controls to explore each step." } }, "approach_risk_profiles": { "meta": { "as_of": "2026-10-22", "timezone": "America/Los_Angeles", "scope": "Architecture-level engineering tradeoffs for the six-theme risk view", "interpretation_type": "editorial_architecture_assessment", "disclaimer": "These descriptions interpret physical mechanisms and the reviewed evidence. They are not company scores, rankings, calibrated success probabilities, or claims that an entire approach has passed a requirement. Fuel and plant choices can change an individual project's exposure.", "rendering_rule": "Render the six descriptions as qualitative text. Do not convert their wording or source count into a numerical or color-ranked risk score.", "source_rule": "All source IDs resolve in the canonical sources array.", "normalization_note": "Fifteen normalized approaches: eleven base mechanisms plus levitated_dipole, electrostatic, hybrid_direct_drive and hybrid_fast_ignition. EX-Fusion maps to laser_direct with fast_ignition as a variant." }, "theme_labels": { "plasma_and_fuel_physics": "Plasma and fuel physics", "electrical_balance": "Electrical balance", "sustained_operation": "Sustained or repeated operation", "fuel_cycle": "Fuel cycle", "materials_and_maintenance": "Materials and maintenance", "delivery_and_economics": "Delivery and economics" }, "profiles": [ { "approach_id": "tokamak", "scope_note": "Conventional tokamaks, especially proposed D-T thermal plants; design-specific current-drive and pulsing choices still matter.", "themes": { "plasma_and_fuel_physics": { "interpretation": "Substantial D-T experimental heritage supports this route. Reactor operating points still require control of transport, instabilities and disruptions together.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_004", "PHY_013", "PHY_019" ] }, "electrical_balance": { "interpretation": "Heating, current drive and plant auxiliaries consume electricity. Plasma Q alone cannot establish net output after those loads and thermal conversion.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006", "PHY_019" ] }, "sustained_operation": { "interpretation": "Long pulses support control and exhaust development. Sustained reactor conditions, current maintenance and recovery between pulses remain distinct demonstrations.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_016", "PHY_018", "PHY_023" ] }, "fuel_cycle": { "interpretation": "A D-T plant needs startup tritium, adequate breeding, rapid extraction and recycling. Blanket coverage must coexist with ports and other systems.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_002", "PHY_022" ] }, "materials_and_maintenance": { "interpretation": "Neutrons challenge structural life and shielding; concentrated exhaust challenges divertors. Replacement access and downtime belong in the plant assessment.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_023", "PHY_024" ] }, "delivery_and_economics": { "interpretation": "Experimental maturity reduces some physics uncertainty. Large integrated systems, qualified manufacturing and component replacement still determine cost and availability.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_020", "PHY_042" ] } } }, { "approach_id": "spherical_tokamak", "scope_note": "Low-aspect-ratio tokamak variant; compactness is a geometry choice rather than evidence of cheap electricity.", "themes": { "plasma_and_fuel_physics": { "interpretation": "High-pressure compact plasmas are attractive, but a high-temperature result does not establish reactor gain, stability or an integrated D-T operating regime.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TE_ST40", "PHY_007" ] }, "electrical_balance": { "interpretation": "Current drive, magnet operation and cooling must fit the compact configuration. A smaller core does not by itself reduce recirculating power per net megawatt.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006", "PAR_STEP_STRATEGY" ] }, "sustained_operation": { "interpretation": "The geometry retains tokamak current and exhaust questions. Long-duration operation must be demonstrated with the intended center-column and heating design.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_004", "PAR_STEP_STRATEGY" ] }, "fuel_cycle": { "interpretation": "For D-T designs, limited inboard space makes allocation among magnets, shielding and breeding material consequential; a complete breeding balance remains necessary.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_022", "PAR_STEP_STRATEGY" ] }, "materials_and_maintenance": { "interpretation": "The compact center column needs protection and a credible replacement strategy. Exhaust and neutron exposure remain reactor-scale component requirements.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_042", "PAR_STEP_STRATEGY" ] }, "delivery_and_economics": { "interpretation": "Reduced dimensions could help some construction costs, while constrained access or frequent center-column replacement could offset that benefit; compare complete plant cases.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TE_DEMO4", "PAR_STEP_STRATEGY" ] } } }, { "approach_id": "stellarator", "scope_note": "Externally shaped three-dimensional confinement; coil architecture varies, including nonplanar coils and planar-coil arrays.", "themes": { "plasma_and_fuel_physics": { "interpretation": "Optimized fields reduce reliance on a large tokamak-like plasma current. Long-pulse stellarator results do not yet establish D-T reactor performance.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_005", "PHY_015" ] }, "electrical_balance": { "interpretation": "Reduced current-drive demand is a potential benefit. Plasma heating, cryogenics, pumps and conversion losses must still appear in the complete electrical ledger.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_005", "MAG_THEA_HELIOS" ] }, "sustained_operation": { "interpretation": "The magnetic configuration suits sustained operation; fuel control, exhaust, component life and maintenance still govern the plant's actual duty and availability.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_015", "PHY_023" ] }, "fuel_cycle": { "interpretation": "D-T breeding and processing requirements remain. A three-dimensional vessel must provide sufficient blanket coverage while leaving access for services and maintenance.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_022", "MAG_THEA_HELIOS" ] }, "materials_and_maintenance": { "interpretation": "Field accuracy and component access matter alongside neutron and heat exposure. Planar-coil alternatives change the manufacturing problem without eliminating reactor protection requirements.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_005", "MAG_THEA_CANIS", "MAG_THEA_HELIOS" ] }, "delivery_and_economics": { "interpretation": "Optimization and new magnet methods may simplify construction. Modeled availability or component lifetimes are design assumptions until validated in relevant operation.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_THEA_HELIOS", "MAG_THEA_CANIS" ] } } }, { "approach_id": "magnetic_mirror", "scope_note": "Linear mirror systems; current D-T commercial examples still need a thermal path for neutron energy.", "themes": { "plasma_and_fuel_physics": { "interpretation": "Open ends make particle and energy losses central. Strong end magnets support confinement development but do not alone establish sufficient fusion gain.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_035", "MAG_REALTA_TECH" ] }, "electrical_balance": { "interpretation": "Recovering escaping charged-particle energy may reduce consumption. Recovery of externally supplied heating is different from new fusion electricity or net plant output.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_REALTA_DEC", "PHY_006" ] }, "sustained_operation": { "interpretation": "A linear steady-operating design must sustain adequate confinement while continuously handling end losses, fueling and exhaust at the intended conditions.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_REALTA_TECH", "MAG_REALTA_TIMELINE" ] }, "fuel_cycle": { "interpretation": "D-T versions require breeding and processing despite their open geometry. Alternative fuel plans need their own supply and reaction-performance evidence.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_REALTA_DEC", "PHY_002", "PHY_022" ] }, "materials_and_maintenance": { "interpretation": "End exhaust, collection hardware and magnet shielding need relevant lifetime data. Direct access is a possible maintenance advantage, not a measured plant availability.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_REALTA_TECH", "MAG_REALTA_DEC" ] }, "delivery_and_economics": { "interpretation": "Linear construction may simplify assembly. The economic case still depends on confinement, heating efficiency, energy recovery and full-system component life.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_REALTA_TECH", "PHY_035" ] } } }, { "approach_id": "beam_frc", "scope_note": "Beam-sustained FRCs as represented by TAE; its p-B11 goal is a company fuel choice, not a property of every FRC.", "themes": { "plasma_and_fuel_physics": { "interpretation": "Beam formation and sustainment are demonstrated research directions. Extending performance to the intended advanced fuel adds temperature, confinement and radiation-loss requirements.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_036", "MAG_TAE_FUEL", "PHY_007" ] }, "electrical_balance": { "interpretation": "Neutral beams supply substantial energy; their electrical efficiency and the plasma's loss channels must be included before inferring useful plant gain.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_036", "PHY_006" ] }, "sustained_operation": { "interpretation": "Sustaining an experimental FRC does not establish long-duration reactor operation. Beams, end regions, fueling and control must remain compatible over the required duty.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_036", "MAG_TAE_ROADMAP" ] }, "fuel_cycle": { "interpretation": "A p-B11 plant avoids relying on a primary D-T breeding cycle, but still needs specified fuel purity, preparation, recovery and byproduct management.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_FUEL", "PHY_002" ] }, "materials_and_maintenance": { "interpretation": "Predominantly charged primary products could reduce neutron burdens. Side reactions, radiation, heat loads and beam hardware still require protection and lifetime evidence.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_TAE_FUEL", "PHY_002" ] }, "delivery_and_economics": { "interpretation": "A linear, high-pressure core may simplify parts of the plant. That potential depends on efficient beam systems and validating the intended fuel regime.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_036", "MAG_TAE_ROADMAP" ] } } }, { "approach_id": "pulsed_frc", "scope_note": "Pulsed magnetic compression and inductive recovery as represented by Helion; current experimental fuels and intended D-He3 cycle remain separate fields.", "themes": { "plasma_and_fuel_physics": { "interpretation": "Formation, merging and compression must produce adequate fusion output in the intended fuel regime; individual temperature or pulse results address only part of this requirement.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_037", "MAG_HELION_POLARIS_RESULTS" ] }, "electrical_balance": { "interpretation": "Inductive return includes recovered pulse energy. Measure the fusion contribution and all losses over a complete cycle with equal starting and ending stored energy.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELION_POLARIS", "PHY_037" ] }, "sustained_operation": { "interpretation": "Repetitive operation couples pulse timing to coil fatigue, switches, heat removal and recovery. Single-pulse success does not validate power-plant repetition or availability.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_037", "MAG_HELION_POLARIS" ] }, "fuel_cycle": { "interpretation": "The intended D-He3 cycle needs a credible helium-3 production and recycling balance. D-D reactions and their tritium byproducts must remain in that accounting.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_037", "PHY_002" ] }, "materials_and_maintenance": { "interpretation": "Charged-product conversion could change shielding demands, but D-D side-reaction neutrons and repeated electromagnetic and thermal stresses still affect hardware life.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_037", "PHY_002" ] }, "delivery_and_economics": { "interpretation": "Direct conversion could simplify the electricity path. Fuel production, durable pulsed hardware and demonstrated integrated net output remain prerequisites for the cost claim.", "source_ids": [ "MAG_HELION_POLARIS", "MAG_HELION_ORION" ] } } }, { "approach_id": "z_pinch", "scope_note": "Sheared-flow-stabilized plasma Z-pinch; do not conflate fusion-plasma experiments with repetitive nonfusion engineering platforms.", "themes": { "plasma_and_fuel_physics": { "interpretation": "Flow shear is intended to suppress pinch instability. Relevant ion conditions, duration and gain must accompany pressure measurements and high-current scaling.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_038", "ALT_ZAP_PRESSURE", "PHY_007" ] }, "electrical_balance": { "interpretation": "Avoiding external confinement magnets removes one subsystem, not the electrical ledger. Pulse delivery, plasma coupling, fusion gain and conversion all remain consequential.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_038", "PHY_006" ] }, "sustained_operation": { "interpretation": "Frequent pulses require durable electrodes, reliable liquid-metal handling and complete reset. A repetitive hydrogen engineering test does not establish repetitive fusion gain.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_ZAP_FUND", "PHY_038" ] }, "fuel_cycle": { "interpretation": "A D-T version still needs tritium supply, breeding and recovery. A proposed liquid-metal system must demonstrate its fuel-processing role as well as cooling.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_038", "PHY_022" ] }, "materials_and_maintenance": { "interpretation": "Electrodes and current-carrying components face local wear; the chamber faces heat and neutron exposure. Renewable liquid protection remains an integrated engineering requirement.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_038", "ALT_ZAP_FUND" ] }, "delivery_and_economics": { "interpretation": "A compact core and simpler magnet inventory could reduce some costs. Pulse hardware, consumables, cooling and replacement frequency determine whether those savings survive integration.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_038", "ALT_ZAP_STRATEGY" ] } } }, { "approach_id": "magnetized_target", "scope_note": "Mechanically compressed magnetized plasma, especially General Fusion; distinguish experimental solid liners from future renewable liquid walls.", "themes": { "plasma_and_fuel_physics": { "interpretation": "Compression must preserve fuel quality and confinement while raising reaction rates. Electron temperature, inferred ion temperature and D-T-equivalent modeling are different evidence.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_GENERAL_TEMP", "ALT_GENERAL_PATH", "PHY_039" ] }, "electrical_balance": { "interpretation": "Mechanical or electromagnetic compression consumes energy. Useful gain requires the complete compression, thermal conversion and auxiliary balance, not temperature alone.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_039", "PHY_006" ] }, "sustained_operation": { "interpretation": "Each compression must leave a recoverable chamber and a fresh plasma target. Repeatable liner or liquid-wall behavior is distinct from one successful compression.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_039", "ALT_GENERAL_PATH" ] }, "fuel_cycle": { "interpretation": "Lithium-containing walls may combine breeding and heat capture. Tritium extraction and replenishment must work under the actual pulsed fluid and temperature conditions.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_039", "PHY_022" ] }, "materials_and_maintenance": { "interpretation": "A renewable liquid wall could protect permanent structures. Mixing, erosion, corrosion, moving components and access can shift rather than eliminate maintenance burdens.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_039", "PHY_023" ] }, "delivery_and_economics": { "interpretation": "The concept trades some confinement demands for compression and fluid engineering. Commercial cost depends on reliable repeated operation and integrated, demonstrated gain.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_039", "ALT_GENERAL_PATH" ] } } }, { "approach_id": "laser_indirect", "scope_note": "Laser indirect drive through a hohlraum; NIF is predecessor physics evidence, not any startup's own demonstrated plant.", "themes": { "plasma_and_fuel_physics": { "interpretation": "NIF establishes ignition and target gain above one for this family. Larger or more manufacturable commercial targets still require their own validated performance.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_009", "ALT_INERTIA_PAPER" ] }, "electrical_balance": { "interpretation": "Laser wall-plug efficiency, energy transfer through the hohlraum, target gain and thermal conversion multiply together; target breakeven alone leaves substantial plant demand.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_006", "PHY_009" ] }, "sustained_operation": { "interpretation": "A power plant needs repeated high-gain shots, target delivery and chamber recovery. Cryogenic-layer production or one successful shot does not establish that integrated rate.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_FUELING", "ALT_INERTIA_PHASE1" ] }, "fuel_cycle": { "interpretation": "D-T must be manufactured into targets, tracked through the factory and chamber, replenished by breeding and recovered from unburned fuel and debris.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_FUELING", "PHY_022" ] }, "materials_and_maintenance": { "interpretation": "Optics, chamber surfaces and blankets face neutrons, radiation and target debris. Protection, clearing and replacement must support the intended operating schedule.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_023", "ALT_INERTIA_PHASE1" ] }, "delivery_and_economics": { "interpretation": "Laser infrastructure and consumable targets both enter cost. Target price per shot becomes meaningful only with net output, repetition and replacement assumptions attached.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_INERTIA_GAIN", "ALT_INERTIA_PHASE1" ] } } }, { "approach_id": "laser_direct", "scope_note": "Direct-drive laser family; show hybrid-direct-drive and fast-ignition variants explicitly rather than assuming one common pulse sequence.", "themes": { "plasma_and_fuel_physics": { "interpretation": "Illumination symmetry and laser-plasma coupling are central. Fast-ignition variants add separate energy-deposition requirements; indirect-drive ignition does not validate each variant's gain.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_034", "PHY_007", "ALT_FOCUSED_EXP" ] }, "electrical_balance": { "interpretation": "Direct coupling may avoid some indirect-drive losses. Driver efficiency, target gain, any separate ignition driver and plant conversion still determine net output.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_034", "PHY_006", "ALT_FOCUSED_TECH" ] }, "sustained_operation": { "interpretation": "Targets and multiple beams must align repeatedly at relevant energy. High-rate irradiation of surrogate targets is component evidence, not high-rate fusion ignition.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_EXFUSION_TEST", "ALT_FOCUSED_TECH" ] }, "fuel_cycle": { "interpretation": "D-T variants require breeding and target-factory inventories. An advanced-fuel variant needs a separate reaction and fuel-processing assessment; laser drive does not determine fuel.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_002", "PHY_022", "ALT_MARVEL_TECH" ] }, "materials_and_maintenance": { "interpretation": "Final optics and chamber structures need protection from repeated bursts and debris. Target and shielding design can change exposure without proving component lifetime.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_034", "ALT_XCIMER_DOE" ] }, "delivery_and_economics": { "interpretation": "Potential coupling gains compete with laser, target and alignment requirements. Simulation-derived gain and manufacturing claims require separate validation before projecting electricity cost.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FOCUSED_TECH", "ALT_MARVEL_TECH", "PHY_006" ] } } }, { "approach_id": "pulsed_power_inertial", "scope_note": "Electrical-pulse-driven inertial compression; fuel magnetization and laser preheat belong only to implementations that specify them.", "themes": { "plasma_and_fuel_physics": { "interpretation": "Target or liner compression must reach sufficient fusion output. MagLIF's pre-magnetization and laser-preheat evidence does not automatically transfer to a different pulsed-power target.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_033", "ALT_PACIFIC_MODULE", "ALT_FUSE_CONCEPT" ] }, "electrical_balance": { "interpretation": "Efficient electrical pulse delivery is potentially useful, but generator energy, energy coupled into fuel, fusion yield and net electricity are distinct boundaries.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_033", "ALT_PACIFIC_MODULE", "PHY_006" ] }, "sustained_operation": { "interpretation": "Repetition may require replacing targets and parts of the transmission path, clearing debris and recharging. Component-rate demonstrations must match the eventual energy per shot.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_033", "ALT_PACIFIC_MODULE", "ALT_FUSE_CONCEPT" ] }, "fuel_cycle": { "interpretation": "D-T target systems need reproducible fuel loading and a mass balance across target manufacture, burn, debris recovery and breeding infrastructure.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_002", "PHY_022", "ALT_FUSE_CONCEPT" ] }, "materials_and_maintenance": { "interpretation": "Large transient currents, target debris, mechanical impulse and neutrons stress different components. Consumable hardware and remote replacement need an explicit operating plan.", "source_ids": [ "PHY_033", "ALT_FUSE_CONCEPT" ] }, "delivery_and_economics": { "interpretation": "Modular electrical drivers may offer manufacturing advantages. Those must be weighed against consumables, chamber turnaround, reliable gain and plant integration.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_PACIFIC_MODULE", "ALT_PACIFIC_SITE", "ALT_FUSE_CONCEPT" ] } } }, { "approach_id": "levitated_dipole", "scope_note": "Levitated internal superconducting ring, represented by OpenStar; prototype results and its published D-T plant concept have different evidence status.", "themes": { "plasma_and_fuel_physics": { "interpretation": "The dipole field supports a distinctive confinement route. Prototype plasma formation and confinement do not establish reactor-density D-T gain or a burning-plasma regime.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_OPENSTAR_PPPL", "PAR_OPENSTAR_TECH" ] }, "electrical_balance": { "interpretation": "Plasma heating, levitation/control, cryogenic management and heat conversion must share one plant ledger; a superconducting ring does not imply negligible operating demand.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_OPENSTAR_PPPL", "PAR_OPENSTAR_TECH" ] }, "sustained_operation": { "interpretation": "Sustained plasma operation must remain compatible with the internal magnet's temperature, energy storage and servicing needs, not just stable magnetic levitation.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_OPENSTAR_TECH" ] }, "fuel_cycle": { "interpretation": "The proposed D-T plant requires breeding, extraction and recycling. Internal structures and access routes must be included when estimating useful blanket coverage.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_OPENSTAR_TECH", "PHY_022" ] }, "materials_and_maintenance": { "interpretation": "An internal cryogenic magnet creates a distinctive shielding and heat-management challenge. Its protection, inspection and replacement must work inside the reactor environment.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_OPENSTAR_PPPL", "PAR_OPENSTAR_TECH" ] }, "delivery_and_economics": { "interpretation": "A comparatively simple coil shape may help construction; an internally protected cold component may complicate service. Published plant economics remain design-level estimates.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_OPENSTAR_TECH" ] } } }, { "approach_id": "electrostatic", "scope_note": "Electrostatic confinement with magnetic assistance, represented by Avalanche's Orbitron; do not generalize all electrostatic concepts to one electrode geometry.", "themes": { "plasma_and_fuel_physics": { "interpretation": "Maintaining useful ion orbits and reaction rates requires control of particle, collision and electron losses. A voltage milestone does not establish fusion energy gain.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_TECH", "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND", "PHY_006" ] }, "electrical_balance": { "interpretation": "High-voltage input, electron control, cooling and power conversion must be counted against measured fusion output. Compact confinement does not ensure low recirculating demand.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_TECH", "PHY_006" ] }, "sustained_operation": { "interpretation": "Electrodes, insulators, vacuum quality and particle control must remain stable at the intended operating point. Short tests do not establish useful duty or service intervals.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_TECH", "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND" ] }, "fuel_cycle": { "interpretation": "Fuel requirements follow the actual reaction, not the device size. D-T testing or operation requires tritium accounting; an advanced-fuel goal needs separate evidence.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND", "PHY_002" ] }, "materials_and_maintenance": { "interpretation": "Small geometry does not remove neutron, radiation or local heat loads. Electrode protection and replacement need evidence at relevant output and duration.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_TECH", "PHY_043" ] }, "delivery_and_economics": { "interpretation": "Small modules could support incremental manufacture. Their economics still depend on actual net output, service life and the repeated balance-of-plant costs around each module.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_AVALANCHE_TECH", "ALT_AVALANCHE_FUND" ] } } }, { "approach_id": "hybrid_direct_drive", "scope_note": "Xcimer hybrid direct-drive laser target: an initial X-ray stage followed by direct laser drive. This is an inertial approach, not fast ignition or magnetized-target fusion.", "themes": { "plasma_and_fuel_physics": { "interpretation": "Initial X-ray preparation and later direct drive must produce a sufficiently symmetric, high-gain implosion. Published target calculations do not establish an integrated measured gain.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_XCIMER_HDD", "PHY_007" ] }, "electrical_balance": { "interpretation": "Hybrid coupling aims to improve energy transfer while retaining useful indirect-drive features. Count every laser pulse, driver inefficiency and plant load in the electrical balance.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_XCIMER_HDD", "PHY_006" ] }, "sustained_operation": { "interpretation": "Two-sided illumination can simplify chamber openings, but target positioning, repeated high-energy laser operation and chamber recovery must succeed together.", "source_ids": [ "PAR_XCIMER_HDD", "ALT_XCIMER_ROADMAP" ] }, "fuel_cycle": { "interpretation": "The D-T capsule and surrounding target require manufacturable fuel loading and recovery. The liquid-salt breeding proposal needs a demonstrated extraction and inventory balance.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_XCIMER_FAQ", "ALT_XCIMER_DOE", "PHY_022" ] }, "materials_and_maintenance": { "interpretation": "A thick liquid wall is intended to protect permanent structures. Reliable fluid recovery, optical protection, corrosion control and access still require plant-relevant testing.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_XCIMER_DOE", "PAR_XCIMER_HDD" ] }, "delivery_and_economics": { "interpretation": "The gas-laser, target and liquid-wall combination offers proposed cost advantages. Laser-component progress and accepted design milestones do not validate whole-plant cost or availability.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_XCIMER_DOE", "ALT_XCIMER_ROADMAP" ] } }, "diagram_sequence": [ "Send two opposed laser beams through openings in a protective cavity.", "An initial pulse heats the cavity, producing X-rays that begin capsule ablation and set the initial fuel conditions.", "Later pulses illuminate and drive the capsule directly.", "The compressed fuel is intended to ignite and burn; show chamber heat capture and reset as proposed plant functions." ], "diagram_guardrail": "Preserve both coupling stages. Do not show every pulse striking only the hohlraum, every pulse striking only the capsule, a separate fast-ignition heater, or magnetic fuel confinement." }, { "approach_id": "hybrid_fast_ignition", "scope_note": "First Light FLARE: electrically driven multi-shell compression followed by separate rapid ignition; inertial family, not a claim of magnetized fuel or classic MagLIF.", "themes": { "plasma_and_fuel_physics": { "interpretation": "A successful compression stage leaves ignition coupling and integrated high gain unresolved. Current compression evidence must not be promoted into a measured ignition result.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TEST", "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH" ] }, "electrical_balance": { "interpretation": "Account for both compression and ignition inputs, their electrical efficiencies and all auxiliaries. A modeled target gain requires an explicit combined input boundary.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH", "PHY_006" ] }, "sustained_operation": { "interpretation": "Fresh engineered targets, compression and ignition timing, chamber reset and both driver systems must operate together repeatedly at relevant energy.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TEST", "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH" ] }, "fuel_cycle": { "interpretation": "The D-T multi-shell fuel system needs scalable loading, inventories, unburned-fuel recovery and breeding. Simpler driver requirements do not remove target-factory obligations.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH", "PHY_022" ] }, "materials_and_maintenance": { "interpretation": "Liners and surrounding structures face debris, transient loads and neutrons. The proposed target architecture needs its own chamber and replacement evidence.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TEST", "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH" ] }, "delivery_and_economics": { "interpretation": "Shifting function from the driver into the target can trade machine complexity for manufacturing demands. Partner delivery and integrated cost remain separate from compression validation.", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH", "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_FUND" ] } } } ], "normalization_recommendations": [ { "entity_id": "xcimer", "approach_id": "hybrid_direct_drive", "family": "inertial", "subtype": "hybrid_direct_drive", "display_label": "Laser inertial fusion — hybrid direct drive", "source_ids": [ "PAR_XCIMER_HDD", "ALT_XCIMER_FAQ" ], "diagram_sequence": [ "Send two opposed laser beams through openings in a protective cavity.", "An initial pulse heats the cavity, producing X-rays that begin capsule ablation and set the initial fuel conditions.", "Later pulses illuminate and drive the capsule directly.", "The compressed fuel is intended to ignite and burn; show chamber heat capture and reset as proposed plant functions." ], "guardrail": "Hybrid direct drive is not fast ignition and is not magnetic-inertial confinement. Preserve the initial X-ray stage; do not render Xcimer as ordinary NIF indirect drive or as direct illumination throughout. Research design performance is modeled.", "classification_basis": "Explicit company and peer-reviewed terminology; current company whitepaper retains the hybrid direct-drive label." }, { "entity_id": "ex_fusion", "approach_id": "laser_direct", "family": "inertial", "subtype": "laser_fast_ignition", "display_label": "Laser inertial fusion — fast ignition", "source_ids": [ "PAR_EXFUSION_TECH", "ALT_EXFUSION_TEST" ], "diagram_sequence": [ "Inject and track a fresh target.", "Compression lasers illuminate the target from multiple directions.", "A separate laser pulse supplies rapid ignition heating.", "A proposed blanket and thermal cycle recover fusion energy." ], "guardrail": "Label this as the company's publicly described LIFT reference concept. The separate target-tracking demonstration used surrogate targets; it is not an integrated fast-ignition experiment. Do not assert an unverified final commercial target geometry.", "classification_basis": "Fast ignition is explicit on the live Japanese company page; direct laser compression follows its described multi-directional target illumination. A separate laser_fast_ignition row is also acceptable if that is the normalized taxonomy." }, { "entity_id": "first_light", "approach_id": "hybrid_fast_ignition", "family": "inertial", "subtype": "electrical_compression_then_separate_ignition", "display_label": "Inertial fusion — electrical compression and fast ignition", "source_ids": [ "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TECH", "ALT_FIRSTLIGHT_TEST" ], "diagram_sequence": [ "An electrical driver acts on an engineered multi-shell fuel system.", "A timed shock sequence assembles dense fuel with limited premature heating.", "A separate rapid energy pulse is intended to initiate burn." ], "guardrail": "The reviewed sources do not establish fuel premagnetization or the final ignition-driver implementation. Do not draw MagLIF's axial field and pre-compression laser heating, or the company's historical projectile concept, as the current FLARE architecture. Compression-stage tests did not demonstrate ignition or gain.", "classification_basis": "Explicit current company description and September 2026 compression-stage test announcement." } ], "additional_source_ids": [ "PAR_XCIMER_HDD", "PAR_EXFUSION_TECH" ] } }